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Letters

Example showing the Nastaʿlīq calligraphic style's proportion rules.

Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both sides), and final (joined on the right) of a word.

The names of the letter are mostly the ones used in Arabic, except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is he, which is used for both ﺡ and ه. For clarification, these are often called ḥe-ye jimi (literally "jim-like ḥe" after jim, the name for the letter ج that uses the same base form) and he-ye do-češm (literally "two-eyed he", after the contextual middle letterform ﻬ), respectively.

#	Name	Name in Persian script	DIN 31635	IPA	Contextual forms
					Final	Medial	Initial	Isolated
0	hamza	همزه	ʾ	[ʔ]	ـئ ـأ ـؤ	ـئـ	ئـ	ء أ
1	ʾalef	الف	ā	[ɒ]	ﺎ		آ / ا
2	be	بِ	b	[b]	ـب	ـﺒ	ﺑ	ب
3	pe	پِ	p	[p]	ـپ	ـﭙ	ﭘ	پ
4	te	تِ	t	[t]	ـت	ـﺘ	ﺗ	ت
5	s̱e	ثِ	s̱	[s]	ـث	ـﺜ	ﺛ	ث
6	jim	جیم	j	[d͡ʒ]	ﺞ	ـﺠ	ﺟ	ج
7	che	چِ	č	[t͡ʃ]	ﭻ	ـﭽ	ﭼ	چ
8	ḥe(-ye jimi)	حِ	ḥ	[h]	ﺢ	ـﺤ	ﺣ	ح
9	khe	خِ	x	[x]	ﺦ	ـﺨ	ﺧ	خ
10	dāl	دال	d	[d]	ـد		د
11	ẕāl	ذال	ẕ	[z]	ـذ		ذ
12	re	رِ	r	[ɾ]	ـر		ر
13	ze	زِ	z	[z]	ـز		ز
14	že	ژِ	ž	[ʒ]	ـژ		ژ
15	sin	سین	s	[s]	ـس	ـﺴ	ﺳ	س
16	šin	شین	š	[ʃ]	ـش	ـﺸ	ﺷ	ش
17	ṣād	صاد	ṣ	[s]	ـص	ـﺼ	ﺻ	ص
18	z̤ād	ضاد	z̤	[z]	ـض	ـﻀ	ﺿ	ض
19	ṭā, ṭoy (in Dari)	طی, طا	ṭ	[t]	ـط	ـﻄـ	ﻃ	ط
20	ẓā, ẓoy (in Dari)	ظی, ظا	ẓ	[z]	ـظ	ـﻈـ	ﻇ	ظ
21	ʿeyn	عین	ʿ	[ʔ]	ﻊ	ﻌ	ﻋ	ع
22	ġeyn	غین	ġ	[ɣ] / [ɢ]	ﻎ	ﻐ	ﻏ	غ
23	fe	فِ	f	[f]	ـف	ـﻔ	ﻓ	ف
24	qāf	قاف	q	[ɢ] / [ɣ] / [q] (in some dialects)	ـق	ـﻘ	ﻗ	ق
25	kāf	کاف	k	[k]	ـک	ـﻜ	ﻛ	ک
26	gāf	گاف	g	[ɡ]	ـگ	ـﮕ	ﮔ	گ
27	lām	لام	l	[l]	ـل	ـﻠ	ﻟ	ل
28	mim	میم	m	[m]	ـم	ـﻤ	ﻣ	م
29	nun	نون	n	[n]	ـن	ـﻨ	ﻧ	ن
30	vāv	واو	v / ū / ow / (w / aw / ō in Dari)	[v] / [uː] / [o] / [ow] / ([w] / [aw] / [oː] in Dari)	ـو		و
31	he(-ye do-češm)	هِ	h	[h]	ﻪ	ﻬ	ﻫ	ه
32	ye	یِ	y / ī / á / (ay / ē in Dari)	[j] / [i] / [ɒː] / ([aj] / [eː] in Dari)	ﯽ	ـﯿ	ﯾ	ی

Letters which do not link to a following letter

Seven letters – و, ژ, ﺯ, ﺭ, ﺫ, ﺩ, ﺍ – do not connect to a following letter as the rest of the letters of the alphabet do. These seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position, and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter ا "alef" is at the beginning of a word such as اینجا "injā" (here), the same form is used as in an isolated "alef". In the case of امروز "emruz" (today), the letter ﺮ "re" takes the final form and the letter و "vāv" takes the isolated form, though they are in the middle of the word, and ﺯ also has its isolated form, though it occurs at the end of the word.

Diacritics

Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics which consists of zabar /æ/ (fatḥah in Arabic), zir /e/ (kasrah in Arabic), and pesh /ou̯/ or /o/ (ḍammah in Arabic, pronounced as zamme in Persian), sukūn, tanwīn nasb /æn/ and tashdid (gemination). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loan-words.

Other characters

The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, and in the case of the lām alef, a ligature. As to ﺀ hamze, it has only a single graphic, since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vāv, ye or alef, and in that case the seat behaves like an ordinary vāv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, hamze is not a letter but a diacritic.

Name	Transliteration	IPA	Final	Medial	Initial	Stand-alone
alef madde	ā	[ɒ]	ﺂ	—	—	ﺁ
he ye	-eye or -eyeh	[eje]	ﮥ	—	—	ۀ
lām alef	lā	[lɒ]	ﻼ	—	—	ﻻ

Although at first glance they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.

Novel letters

The main Persian letters are ا, ب, پ, ت, ج, چ, خ, د, ر, ز, ژ, س, ش, ف, ک, گ, ل, م, ن, و, ه, ی and other letters that came into it from Arabic literature. The Persian alphabet adds four letters to the Arabic alphabet, /p/, /ɡ/, /t͡ʃ/ (ch in chair), /ʒ/ (s in measure):

Sound	Shape	Unicode name
/p/	پ	peh
/t͡ʃ/ (ch)	چ	tcheh
/ʒ/ (zh)	ژ	jeh
/ɡ/	گ	gaf