User:Kayladanesh/sandbox

Week 1-Article Evaluation Exercise -The majority of the article's information is relevant -There are some points that should stray away from sounding subjective. For example, saying "many endorse" or "many believe" takes away from the proper tone of being objective. -The information is not out of date--all older information is in the historical sections of the article -The article is very thorough and elaborates on dreams from many different points of interest (art, historical, scientific, etc.) -The sources are accurately cited, most seem to be from reliable places -on the talk page, there are people mostly fixing citations, as well as adding more suggestions/information about dreams in other contexts (ex: art)

Week 3-Article Selection:

1. Intracellular pH-The article's content is relevant to the topic and the information is written neutrally. Source two does not seem to fit the guidelines of being a reliable source. Not all the statements made in the passage have citations to support them (for example, the last sentence). Lastly, there are content gaps in the passage (not smooth transitions from statements to following statements, seems like just different facts thrown onto the page).

2. Intercellular adhesion molecule-The article's content is relevant to the topic. The information is all written in a neutral manner, but there do not seem to be citations for all the statements made. There is only one citation made. The article also seems to be short, but this may be partly because other specific ICAMs are linked to the article.

3. Hormone antagonist-The article is only a few lines, but written in a neutral manner, and the content is relevant to the topic. There are no citations, which needs to be fixed. Also, the article needs to go into more depth about what exactly a hormone antagonist is, what their purpose is, and maybe explain some types of hormone antagonists.

4. Class II gene-This article is fairly short (a few lines), and the information is properly cited from a reliable source. But, there are jumps from one fact to the next (content gaps), and so smoother transitions are needed. There is not a good logical flow from one statement to the next.

-All of these look like there is plenty of room for expansion, the first 2 probably have more overall information out there than the last two, which are broader and the page may repeat a lot of information that is elsewhere. -Dr. Tienson-Tseng

Week 4-Sources for Selected Article: -My selected article is Intracellular pH. Below are 6 sources I could use to help me write my first draft.

review articles: Flinck M, Kramer SH, Pedersen SF (July 2018). "Roles of pH in control of cell proliferation". Acta Physiol (Oxf). 223 (3): e13068. doi:10.1111/apha.13068. PMID 29575508.

Demuth C, Varonier J, Jossen V, Eibl R, Eibl D (May 2016). "Novel probes for pH and dissolved oxygen measurements in cultivations from millilitre to benchtop scale". Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 100 (9): 3853–63. doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7412-0. PMID 26995606. (great source for ways pH can be measured)

Asokan A, Cho MJ (April 2002). "Exploitation of intracellular pH gradients in the cellular delivery of macromolecules". J Pharm Sci. 91 (4): 903–13. PMID 11948528. (about how pH can drastically modify physicochemical properties of biological systems/proteins)

Slonczewski JL, Fujisawa M, Dopson M, Krulwich TA (2009). "Cytoplasmic pH measurement and homeostasis in bacteria and archaea". Adv. Microb. Physiol. 55: 1–79, 317. doi:10.1016/S0065-2911(09)05501-5. PMID 19573695. (pH homeostasis in bacteria and archea)

primary sources: Koziol JH, Fraser NS, Passler T, Wolfe DF (December 2017). "Initial steps in defining the environment of the prepuce of the bull by measuring pH and temperature". Aust. Vet. J. 95 (12): 480–482. doi:10.1111/avj.12650. PMID 29243240.

Nunes P, Guido D, Demaurex N (December 2015). "Measuring Phagosome pH by Ratiometric Fluorescence Microscopy". J Vis Exp (106): e53402. doi:10.3791/53402. PMC 4692782. PMID 26710109.

Week 5-Drafting Article:

Intracellular pH (pHi)

From original article: "Intracellular pH (pHi) is the measure of...pHi of 6.8-7.1)". There is also pH variation across different organelles, which can span from around 4.5 to 8.0. The pH within a particular organelle is tailored for its specific function. For example, phagocytes and lysosomes have a relatively low internal pH. pHi can be measured in a number of different ways, and pHi is closely regulated in order to ensure proper cellular function, controlled cell growth, and normal cellular processes.

Methods for Measuring Intracellular pH

There are several ways in which intracellular pH (pHi) can be measured. The main ways in which pHi can be measured is with a microelectrode or dye that is sensitive to pH, or with nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.

Microelectrode

The microelectrode method for measuring pHi consists of placing a very small electrode into the cell’s cytosol by making a very small hole in the plasma membrane of the cell. Since the microelectrode has fluid with a high H+ concentration inside, relative to the outside of the electrode, there is a potential created due to the pH discrepancy between the inside and outside of the electrode. From this voltage difference, and a predetermined pH for the fluid inside the electrode, one an determine the intracellular pH (pHi) of the cell of interest.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Another way to measure Intracellular pH (pHi) is with dyes that are sensitive to pH, and fluoresce differently at various pH values. This technique, often referred to as fluorescence spectroscopy, consists of adding this special dye to the cytosol of a cell. By exciting the dye in the cell with energy from light, and measuring the wavelength of light released by the photon as it returns to its native energy state, one can determine the intracellular pH of the given cell.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

In addition to using pH-sensitive electrodes and dyes to measure pHi, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can also be used to quantify pHi. NMR, typically speaking, reveals information about the inside of a cell by placing the cell in an environment with a potent magnetic field. Based on the ratio between the concentrations of protonated, compared to deprotonated forms of phosphate compounds in a given cell, the internal pH of the cell can be determined. Additionally, NMR may also be used to reveal the presence of intracellular sodium, which can also provide information about the pHi.

Summary of Measurement Methods

Overall, all three methods have their own advantages and disadvantages. Using dyes is perhaps the easiest and fairly precise, while NMR presents the challenge of being relatively less precise. Furthermore, using a microelectrode may be challenging in situations where the cells are too small, or the intactness of the cell membrane should remain undisturbed.

How Intracellular pH is maintained

From original article: "Intracellular pH is typically lower...and pHi decreases." Since biological cells contain fluid that can act as a buffer, pHi can be maintained fairly well within a certain range. Cells adjust their pHi accordingly upon an increase in acidity or basicity with the help of CO₂ or HCO₃^- sensors present in the membrane of the cell. These sensors can permit H+ to pass through the cell membrane accordingly, allowing for pHi to be interrelated with extracellular pH in this respect.

Additional Information

From original article: "Lymphocytes maintain ... USA."