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Anubis. (2018). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://academic.eb.com/levels/collegiate/article/Anubis/7931 • His role is reflected in such epithets as “He Who Is upon His Mountain” (i.e., the necropolis), “Lord of the Sacred Land,” “Foremost of the Westerners,” and “He Who Is in the Place of Embalming.” • His particular concern was with the funerary cult and the care of the dead; hence, he was reputed to be the inventor of embalming, an art he first employed on the corpse of Osiris. In his later role as the “conductor of souls,” he was sometimes identified by the Greco-Roman world with the Greek Hermes in the composite deity Hermanubis. Animorphism: gods are either depicted with the heads of their specific animal, or can completely turn into one Mark, J. J. (2016, July 25). Anubis. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Anubis/ • Portrayal in TV and Film • Gods of Egypt • House of Anubis • The Mummy Returns https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Characters/EgyptianMythology • Anubis/Anpu/Inpu note • Anubis, the jackal god of mummification, judge of souls, and lesser god of the dead, is the most recognizable of all Egyptian gods. His parentage is disputed depending on the source, but he is usually considered the son of Osiris and Nephthys through an affair, and raised to believe he was Set's son. However unlike Set, Anubis had great compassion for humanity and their differences went so far as to lead to Set abandoning him. Isis took pity on him and revealed that her husband was his true father. He later became one of Horus's chief allies against Set. He weighs every dead person's heart against the feather of Ma'et (Justice); if it's too heavy from wicked deeds, the heart gets eaten by a nearby monster, Ammut the Devourer of the Dead. Otherwise, the righteous dead person may proceed to the Afterlife. • ________________________________________ • Ascended Extra: Depicted as the Egyptian god of death in popular media instead of Osiris. Originally he was one of the most important gods of the dead, but Osiris eventually surpassed him. One interpretation is that he stepped down from the position when Osiris entered the afterlife. What likely happened was some areas of Egypt worshiped Anubis as God of Death while others worshiped Osiris, and when the kingdom united rather than get rid of one or the other they made a compromise. • Child by Rape: Outside of the Osirian cycle, Osiris got drunk and raped his mother. • Dark Is Not Evil: Despite being a god of the dead, he is a just god and a pretty cool guy. • Everybody Hates Hades: Often depicted as a villain when he was far from it. • Furry Fandom: He ended up becoming particularly popular among the twentieth century furry fandom, with plenty of Rule 34. The Malaysian furry artist Lim Guo Liang lampooned this by showing Anubis lamenting his modern sex symbol status ◊. • Anubis: I was once a great God of Death... now, I'm a bloody symbol of sodomy and lust. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?! • Parental Abandonment: By Set. • Scales of Justice: Anubis along with Osiris famously used scales to judge the dead to see if they would ultimately have a afterlife by weighing the deceased's heart against Maatnote . https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Myth/EgyptianMythology • This applies to pretty much the whole of Egyptian Mythology. Many works of fiction revolving around Egyptian mythology tend to get the role of Anubis way off. He's usually referred to as "the Lord of the Dead" or as "the God of Death," when that title in fact refers to his father, Osiris. Anubis was a deity whose role revolved around the dead, but he was actually more of a guardian of the dead (as mentioned, largely a psychopomp) than the Grim Reaper type figure often shown. More egregiously, he is often, in addition to being referred to as a god akin to Hades from Greek mythology, misconstrued as being an evil or malevolent god, sometimes even serving as the Egyptian stand in for Satan. In reality, the Egyptians considered him to be an all-around pretty cool guy. It should be noted, however, that prior to Osiris' rise in popularity during the Middle Kingdom, Anubis was the primary god of death, and the son of Ra. • Hell Hound: Egypt was in love with these: Anubis is the most well-known, but there were also Wepwawet, a white wolf war god that got associated with Anubis; Duamutef, a jackal-headed god and one of Horus' children who guards the canopic jars, also has ties with Anubis; Khenti-Amentiu, a jackal god of the dead that's even more ancient than Anubis and Osiris, likely connected to the former; and Sed, a jackal god with a ritual named after him celebrating the anniversary of the current Pharaoh's rule, closely connected to Wepwawet. Oh, and Hermanubis, a Fusion Dance between Anubis and Hermes created after the Greeks invaded. • Order Versus Chaos: The primary division of the Ancient Egyptian religion was not Good versus Evil, but Order Versus Chaos. The concept of balance, or Ma'at, was the central theme of the whole religion with the Pharaoh as the "Lord of Ma'at". Depending on the version of the story, several gods such as Ra, Osiris, Thoth, Anubis, and Benu were all considered beyond the concepts of good or evil; instead, their main responsibility was to keep the universe from spiraling into chaos. • Petting Zoo People: The deities with animal heads and human bodies. However the Egyptians didn't actually believe those deities had animal heads; the animals symbolized aspects of the deity or were sacred to them, as the ibis to Thoth.

"Anubis." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Received 2018-11-18.

NAME

"Anubis" is a Greek rendering of this god's Egyptian name. Before the Greeks arrived in Egypt, around the 7th century BC, the god was known as Anpu or Inpu. The root of the name in ancient Egyptian language means "a royal child." Inpu has a root to "inp," which means "to decay." The god was also known as "First of the Westerners," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "He Who is Upon his Sacred Mountain," "Ruler of the Nine Bows," "The Dog who Swallows Millions," "Master of Secrets," "He Who is in the Place of Embalming," and "Foremost of the Divine Booth." The positions that the he had was also reflected in the titles he held such as "He Who Is upon His Mountain," "Lord of the Sacred Land," "Foremost of the Westerners," and "He Who Is in the Place of Embalming." In the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 BC – c. 2181 BC), the standard way of writing his name in hieroglyphs was composed of the sound signs jnpw followed by a jackal over a ḥtp sign:

In the Old Kingdom (c. 2686 BC – c. 2181 BC), the standard way of writing his name in hieroglyphs was composed of the sound signs jnpw followed by a jackal over a ḥtp sign:

A new form with the "jackal" on a tall stand appeared in the late Old Kingdom and became common thereafter:

Anubis' name jnpw was possibly pronounced [a.ˈna.pʰa], based on Coptic Anoup and the Akkadian transcription 𒀀𒈾𒉺<a-na-pa> in the name <ri-a-na-pa> "Reanapa" that appears in Amarna letter EA 315. However, this transcription may also be interpreted as rˁ-nfr, a name similar to that of Prince Ranefer of the Fourth Dynasty.

INTRO

Anubis was depicted in black, a color that symbolized regeneration, life, the soil of the Nile River, and the discoloration of the corpse after embalming. Anubis is associated with Wepwawet (also called Upuaut), another Egyptian god portrayed with a dog's head or in canine form, but with grey or white fur. Historians assume that the two figures were eventually combined. Anubis' female counterpart is Anput. His daughter is the serpent goddess Kebechet.

PORTRAYAL IN ART

Anubis was one of the most frequently represented, as well as the earliest god shown in ancient Egyptian art. He is depicted on royal tombs from the First Dynasty; however, he had an already developed cult following prior to his since it is believed he was added to the walls for protection of the dead. The god is typically treating a king's corpse, providing sovereign to mummification rituals and funerals, or standing with fellow gods at the Weighing of the Heart of the Soul in the Hall of Two Truths. One of his most popular representations is of him, with the body of a man and the head of a jackal with pointed ears, standing or kneeling, holding a gold scale while a heart of the soul is being weighed against Ma'at's white truth feather.

In the early dynastic period, he was depicted in animal form, as a black canine. Anubis's distinctive black color did not represent the animal, rather it had several symbolic meanings. It represented "the discolouration of the corpse after its treatment with natron and the smearing of the wrappings with a resinous substance during mummification." Being the color of the fertile silt of the River Nile, to Egyptians, black also symbolized fertility and the possibility of rebirth in the afterlife. In the Middle Kingdom, Anubis was often portrayed as a man with the head of a jackal. An extremely rare depiction of him in fully human form was found in the tomb of Ramesses II in Abydos.

Anubis is often depicted wearing a ribbon and holding a nḫ3ḫ3 "flail" in the crook of his arm. Another of Anubis's attributes was the jmy-wt or imiut fetish, named for his role in embalming.

In funerary contexts, Anubis is shown either attending to a deceased person's mummy or sitting atop a tomb protecting it. New Kingdom tomb-seals also depict Anubis sitting atop the nine bows that symbolize his domination over the enemies of Egypt.

WORSHIP

Although he does not play a considerable role in many myths, his popularity was immense, and he survived into following periods through association with the gods of other lands. The Greeks associated him Hermes, the god who guided the dead to the afterlife. Anubis gave people the guarantee and peace of mind that their body would be respected at death, their soul would be protected in the afterlife, and that their soul would be judged fairly. The priests of Anubis were typically males who wore wood masks with the god's likeness when performing rituals. His cult center was at Cynopolis in Upper Egypt but shrines to him were built everywhere and he was universally revered in every part of the land.

IN POPULAR CULTURE

In popular and media culture, Anubis is often falsely portrayed as the sinister god of the dead. He gained popularity during the 20th and 21st centuries through books, video games, and movies where artists would give him evil powers and a dangerous army. Despite his nefarious reputation, his image is still the most recognizable of the Egyptian gods; replicas of his statues and paintings remain popular, mainly among dog owners.