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Species and Taxonomy

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Species Name Reference Geographic Range Depth Range (meters) Taxonomic Notes
Grimpoteuthis abyssicola O'Shea, 1999[1][2] South Pacific (off New Zealand and Australia) 3145-3180
Grimpoteuthis bathynectes Voss & Pearcy, 1990[3][4] North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia Abyssal Plains off Oregon) 3932
Grimpoteuthis boylei Collins, 2003[5][6] Northeast Atlantic (Porcupine and Madeira Abyssal Plains) 4845-4847
Grimpoteuthis challengeri Collins, 2003[5][7] Northeast Atlantic (Porcupine Abyssal Plain) 4828-4838
Grimpoteuthis discoveryi Collins, 2003[5][8] Northeast Atlantic 2600-4870
Grimpoteuthis hippocrepium Hoyle, 1905[9][10] East Pacific (off Malpelo Island) 3334 Previously assigned to genus Stauroteuthis; known from a single, "sadly mutilated" individual according to Hoyle[9]
Grimpoteuthis innominata O'Shea, 1999[1][11] South Pacific (East of New Zealand) 2000 Alternatively classified as Enigmatiteuthis[1]
Grimpoteuthis meangensis Hoyle, 1885[12][13] West Pacific (off Meangis Islands, near Philippines) 925 Previously assigned to genera Cirroteuthis[12] and Stauroteuthis[9]
Grimpoteuthis megaptera Verrill, 1885[12][14] Northwest Atlantic (Southeast of Martha's Vineyard) 4600 Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[12]
Grimpoteuthis pacifica Hoyle, 1885[12][15] South Pacific (off Papua New Guinea) 4500 Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[12]
Grimpoteuthis plena Verrill, 1885[12][16] Northwest Atlantic 2000 Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[12]
Grimpoteuthis tuftsi Voss & Pearcy, 1990[3][17] North Pacific (Tufts and Cascadia Abyssal Plains off Oregon) 3900
Grimpoteuthis umbellata P. Fischer, 1883[12][18] North Atlantic (off Morocco, Canary Islands, and the Azores) 2235 Previously assigned to genus Cirroteuthis[12]
Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri Grimpe, 1920[19][20] Northeast and Northwest Atlantic 2055

As noted above, many species collected on the Challenger expedition were initially classified in the genera Cirroteuthis and Stauroteuthis.[12][9] Several species formerly classified in this genus were moved to other opisthoteuthid genera.[citation needed] A new family, Grimpoteuthididae, has been proposed to accommodate these species and those of genus Enigmatiteuthis.[1][21] The persistent confusion and disparity about the taxonomy of these species has been attributed to the poor quality and limited number of specimens available for study.[21]

Species

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Grimpoteuthis umbellata

Several species formerly classified in this genus were moved to other opisthoteuthid genera. There has been some confusion and disparity among scientists about the classification of these different species due to the poor quality and limited number of specimens available for study.

Movement, characteristics and food supply

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Grimpoteuthis employs four modes of locomotion: crawling, take-off, fin-swimming, and pumping. These modes were observed from a submersible expedition in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the North Atlantic Ocean.[22] Crawling is observed in response to a disturbance caused by the submersible. The organism, starting from a position of bottom-resting, exhibits backward motion on the sea-floor. Take-off behavior, another response to submersibles, follows either bottom-resting or crawling. The organism contracts its brachial crown which creates a rapid pulsation. Sometimes in conjunction with this propulsion, Grimpoteuthis will take on a fusiform shape, which serves to create a more favorable hydrodynamic position. Following this take-off behavior, the organisms are observed swimming with their fins in a backwards motion.[22] Whilst it appears that the large fins on the side of the head are propelling the creature, it is actually a siphon, pushing water out the back, creating propulsion. The fins are in fact primarily used for stabilization and steering.[23] Movement of the arms can be used to help the animal move in any direction. The arms permit the animal to crawl along the seafloor, to capture prey, lay eggs, and explore.[24] Dumbos hover above the sea floor, searching for polychaete worms, pelagic copepods, isopods, amphipods, and other crustaceans for food.[25] Prey is captured by pouncing on the target, which then is swallowed whole.[26] Dumbo octopuses do not produce ink. Instead of ink sacs, dumbo octopuses take advantage of a strand-like structure on their suckers to help them sense the surrounding environment as well as looking for food. The dumbo octopus has transparent patches near the base of the fins, which function to detect (unfocused) light.[27]

Morphology

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Grimpoteuthis, growing up to 20 centimeters, are a part of the Cirrina suborder, recognized for their use of fins as a primary source of locomotion. The two large fins that exist in Grimpoteuthis are supported by a large internal shell, differing from other octopuses which present no shell of any kind. These fins have a length approximately equal to the mantle's width.[28] The dumbo octopus also have webbed arms, stretching out to the tip of their arms with suckers in a single row along their arm, with two cirri present per sucker. The sucker aperture do not present any tooth-like structures, inferring that these creatures swallow their prey whole. Their radula tends to be reduced or completely absent due to this behavior. [29] The Grimpoteuthis digestive system includes intestines approximately equal to the length of their esophagus and a digestive tract arranged in a U-shape. [3] These creatures also have an absent ink sacs and anal flaps. These creatures present a U or slightly W-shaped cartilaginous shell. In terms of sight, their optic nerve pass through their body as a single bundle, and their optic lobe is circular from a cross-section view. [5] Their eyes are very large, with a diameter of up to up one-third of the width of their head. In Collins and Villanueve's diagnosis of the genus they state:

"Small-to-large grimpoteuthids with medium-to-large lateral fins, each with a distinct lobe near the anterior fin insertion. Shell vestige U-shaped; lateral sides parallel, not tapered to fine points. Radula monodont or absent. Posterior salivary glands small or absent. Web supported by single fleshy nodules on the ventral side of the arms. Digestive gland entire (single lobe). Sucker sexual dimorphism present in some species, but with single enlarged field." [30]




References

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  1. ^ a b c d e O'Shea, Steve (1999). The marine fauna of New Zealand: Octopoda (Mollusca: Cepahlopoda). Wellington: NIWA Research.
  2. ^ O'Shea, Steve; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis abyssicola". Tree Of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ a b c Voss, G. L.; Pearcy, W. C. (1990). "Deep-water octopods (Mollusca; Cephalopoda) of the northeastern Pacific". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 47 (3): 57–63.
  4. ^ Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael (2003). "Grimpoteuthis bathynectes". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-27.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b c d Collins, M. A. (2003). "The genus Grimpoteuthis (Octopoda: Grimpoteuthidae) in the north-east Atlantic, with descriptions of three new species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 139: 93–127. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00074.x.
  6. ^ Collins, Martin A.; Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis boylei". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ Collins, Martin; Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis challengeri". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ Collins, Martin; Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis discoveryi". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b c d Hoyle, William E. (1904). "Reports on the Cephalopoda". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 43 (1): 5–7.
  10. ^ Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis hippocrepium". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  11. ^ O'Shea, Steve; Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis innominata". Tree of Life Web Project. Rerieved 2020-02-28.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Hoyle, William Evans (1886). Report on the Cephalopoda collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873-76 / by William Evans Hoyle. Edinburgh? :: Edinburgh: Neill. pp. 3, 230–33.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  13. ^ Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis meangensis". Tree of Life Web Project. Rerieved 2020-02-28.
  14. ^ Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis megaptera". Tree of Life Web Project. Rerieved 2020-02-28.
  15. ^ Young, Richard E; Vecchione, Michael. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis pacifica". Tree of Life Web Project. Rerieved 2020-02-28.
  16. ^ Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis plena". Tree of Life Web Project. Rerieved 2020-02-28.
  17. ^ Young, Richard E.; Vecchione, Michael. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis tuftsi". Tree of Life Web Project. Rerieved 2020-02-28.
  18. ^ Collins, Martin; Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis umbellata". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  19. ^ Grimpe, G. (1920). Teuthologische Mitteilungen V. Zwei neue Cirraten-Arten. Zoologischer Anzeiger 51: 230–243.
  20. ^ Collins, Martin; Vecchione, Michael; Young, Richard E. (2003). "Grimpoteuthis wuelkeri". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
  21. ^ a b Piertney, Stuart B.; Hudelot, Cendrine; Hochberg, F.G.; Collins, Martin A. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships among cirrate octopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) resolved using mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 27 (2): 348–353. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00420-7.
  22. ^ a b Villanueva, R.; Segonzac, M.; Guerra, A. (1997-07-01). "Locomotion modes of deep-sea cirrate octopods (Cephalopoda) based on observations from video recordings on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge". Marine Biology. 129 (1): 113–122. doi:10.1007/s002270050152. ISSN 1432-1793.
  23. ^ https://youtube/DmqikqvLLLw?t=315
  24. ^ "Mesmerizing, rare dumbo octopus filmed in the deep sea". Animals. 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  25. ^ Collins, M.A. & R. Villaneuva. (2006). Taxonomy, ecology and behavior of the cirrate octopods. In: Gibson, R.N., R.J.A. Atkinson & J.D.M. Gordon (eds.) Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 44. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 277–322.
  26. ^ "Dumbo Octopus". Aquarium of the Pacific.
  27. ^ Vecchione, M., U. Piatkowski. 1998. Biology of the cirrate octopod Grimpoteuthis glacialis (Cephalopoda; opisthoteuthididae) in the south Shetland Islands, Antarctica. South African Journal of Marine Science Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Seewetenskap. 20:421-428.
  28. ^ "Grimpoteuthis". tolweb.org. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  29. ^ MarineBio. "Finned Deep-sea Octopuses ~ MarineBio Conservation Society". Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  30. ^ Gibson, R; Atkinson, R; Gordon, J, eds. (2006-06-13). Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, Volume 44. Oceanography and Marine Biology - An Annual Review. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9781420006391.ch6. ISBN 978-0-8493-7044-1.
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