User:Media-hound- thethird/sandbox

DGAFThis user can't be arsed, and hopes some day you will join them.

Temp for AIUK MA

1992
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Digital media
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Documentary
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Gaby Rado Memorial Award
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International TV and Radio
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Magazines: Consumer
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Magazines: Newspaper supplements
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National Newspapers
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Nations and Regions
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Photojournalism
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Radio
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Student Human Rights Reporter Award
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Television News
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References

Rape Culture - the NPOV Version! WP:DGAF - WP:IAR - WP:TTRLT

Rape culture is a concept used to describe a culture in which rape and sexual violence are common and in which prevalent social and cultural attitudes, norms, practices, and media normalize, excuse, tolerate, or even condone sexual violence.

Examples of behaviors commonly associated with rape culture include victim blaming, sexual objectification, and trivializing rape. Legal systems may provide little to no protection against rape, or may act against the interests of the rape victim.

Rape culture has been used to model behaviour within social groups, including prison systems where prison rape is common and conflict areas where war rape is used as psychological warfare. It may also apply to religious beliefs where rape is condoned, justified or ignored.

Although the concept of rape culture is a generally accepted theory in feminist academia, disagreement still exists over what defines a rape culture and how the term is used.

Depending upon the country, language and culture synonyms may apply, such as "culture of rape", "culture of shame" and "culture of honour", Direct translation into English also gives "rape in the suburbs" or "the trivialisation of rape".

Origins

The first recognised source of the term rape culture is the A 1975 documentary film, Rape Culture (disambiguation Required), produced and directed by Margaret Lazarus and Renner Wunderlich for Cambridge Documentary Films. The film addressed the context of the cultural normalisation of rape trough media such as films and television and socially accepted norms. In 2000, Lazarus stated that she believed the movie was the first use of the term. The film was made in co-operation with the DC Rape Crisis Centre, Prisoners Against Rape inc and other contributors, Mary Daly and Freada Klein.

The term "the rape culture" has also been traced to works from the New York Radical Feminists in 1974. Discussion of the 1956 novel Peyton Place focused upon the themes of rape within the book, and how these affected the protagonists.

In a 1992 paper Patricia Donat and John D'Emilio suggested that the term originated as "rape-supportive culture" in Susan Brownmiller's 1975 book Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape.

According to the Encyclopedia of Rape, "The term rape culture originated in the 1970s during the 2nd wave feminist movement and is often used by feminists to describe contemporary American culture as a whole."

The exact date and context of the first use of the term 'rape culture' are uncertain; however, it is recognised to have originated in the mid 1970s.

Usage

Zero Article

Rape Culture is normally used with the Zero Article, to express the concept of rape culture.

Example "Rape culture damages both women and men".

This is the same as similar socially relevant terms such as Racism, Sexism, Homophobia. It identifies rape culture as being monolithic and across all society.

Definite Article - "The"

Rape culture may also be used with the definite article, "the rape culture" when addressing specific examples.

Example "The rape culture of frat houses."

Indefinite Article - "A"

A rape culture is used when a specific environment or even a whole country is being referenced.

Example "Country "X" is a rape culture".

Common Usage

Rape culture was primarily in academic usage, through feminist scholars, until the advent of Slutwalk in 2011. Due to media coverage of Slutwalk and viral Internet usage through social media, the term "rape culture" gained mainstream prominence.

Diplomatic usage

A criticism of rape culture (the term) is that it is not used by governments, international bodies and NGOs. Due to the cultural sensitivity of rape and the cultural aspects that may empower rape culture, diplomatic and synonymic forms may be used - "culture of rape", "culture of gender violence".

This cross cultural and diplomatic use has lead to confusion as to the validity of rape culture as a concept.

?? Where to go from here ??

Religion? Bible - Qua-ran - Historical influences

Genesis 19 - In the story of Soddham and Gomorah, Lot offers his Virgin daughters up to be raped, rather than handing over his guests to an angry mob. Lot is saved from the destruction because he is a good man.

Genesis 39 - Joseph and Potiphar’s Wife. This chapter of the Bible relates the story that Potiphar’s Wife wished to sleep with Joseph. When he refused she claimed he had molested her. This biblical passage has been seen to Validate the failure to accept reports from women that they have been victims of sexual violence and rape.

Daniel 13 - Susanna, wife of Joakim, is subjected to premeditated rape by two men who stalk her. When she is blackmailed by them and refuses to be raped she is not believed. It would be better for her to be raped silently than to protest. Speaking out would result in her death.

Rape Culture and the Church Gina Messina-Dysert - Jerome. Epistle 22:5. (CSEL 54:150). & St Maria Goretti

Islamic - ref Journal of International Women‟s Studies Vol. 9 #1 November 2007 - Iranian Women and the Civil Rights Movement in Iran: Feminism InteractedBy Majid Mohammadi - "The Iranian revolutionary leaders did not want to change the traditional male dominated society; even they did not claimed to. Since the Islamic Revolution, girls from early childhood are discouraged or prevented from venturing into fields and activities that are deemed 'masculine', be it in sport, artwork, recreation or education. The policy of enforced hejāb (veil) and sexual segregation is used to limit women‟s access to the state's scarce education and recreation facilities and cultural compounds and to institutionalize their confinement to the limited career and life opportunities available to them. By setting standards of modest dress for women, the Islamic state places its imprimatur on the principle that women are responsible for the moral behavior of men. Spatial segregation is the logical next step to keep moral order. The same policy follows them into adulthood and facilitates the objective of turning them into second-order citizens of the society. Women who do not believe in the dominant ideology of the state are in a doubled second- order citizenship, something very similar to the status of black female in the United States. The plethora of discriminatory laws against women has created favorable conditions and a suitable environment for widespread abuses and atrocities practiced against women. Women have no effective recourse to the law in case they are abused, beaten or raped." also ref "Sam Geese, Banafsheh, “Why Are Wives Abused,” Khordād Daily, 27 December 1998."

"Iranian activist women have endeavored to find a way to contest and put an end to cultural phenomena such as the patriarchal state, covert rape culture, compulsory dressing, sexual segregation, men‟s superiority in the family, and gender division of labor." Page 6.

Citing Encyclopdia Iranica