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Self-Monitoring

Missing key distinction found in the literature between Acquisitive and Protective self-monitoring - reviews support this distinction and newer articles have adopted the terminology.

AP Ref: Wilmot, M. P., DeYoung, C. G., Stillwell, D., & Kosinski, M. (2016). Self‐monitoring and the metatraits. Journal of personality, 84(3), 335-347.[1]

To add to intro paragraph of article:

"Recent studies suggest that a distinction should be made between acquisitive and protective self-monitoring due to their different interactions with metatraits.[1] This differentiates the motive behind self-monitoring behaviours: for the purpose of acquiring appraisal from others (acquisitive) or protecting oneself from social disapproval (protective)."

Article Selection

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Dark Triad

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This topic is of Mid-importance but C-class quality, with various suggestions for improvement on the Talk page. This page was recently up for deletion as it was suggested to merely be a collection of traits, but the decision was "keep" due to its vast presence in the scientific literature. I believe that an expansion and improvement upon the history section will help clarify the importance of the Dark Triad as a prominent and useful personality theory.

Issues with article

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History section - States original study that proposed theory and that traits interact, but there should be some description of who came up with the idea and how it has developed over time. The Dark Triad itself is a theory, and generally theories follow a progression of an initial idea, testing and refinement, followed by attempts to apply the theory to aspects of the real world to see if the theory can make a difference in peoples' lives. A description of this progression is absent from the history section, so this is what will be added to improve the quality of the article.

Article Edits

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Rough outline of what is needed

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  1. Original study proposing Dark Triad, how it was received and what further research was done to build the theory[2][3]
  2. Rough description of how theory developed over time and was refined[4][5][6][7]
  3. How the theory began to be applied to various fields[8][9][10]
  4. Brief conclusion of usefulness and validity[11][12][13]

Sources to improve article

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see References below.

Revised History Section of the Dark Triad

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Please see below for the History section of the Dark Triad that I have edited and greatly expanded upon.

History

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In the field of psychology, the traits of narcissism[14], Machiavellianism[15], and psychopathy[16] had existed separately for decades before they were examined together in the dark triad. In 1995[17] and 1998,[18] McHoskey, Worzel, and Szyarto provoked a controversy by claiming that these traits are more or less interchangeable in normal samples. Paulhus and Williams disputed this claim in 2002, coining the term "dark triad" to refer to these traits collectively.[2] They found enough behavioral, personality, and cognitive differences between the dark triad traits to suggest that they were distinct constructs; however, they concluded that further research was needed to elucidate how and why they overlap.[2]

Development

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Over time, researchers have refined the theory behind the dark triad, designed specific tests for these traits, and compared the dark triad to other psychological theories.

Several explanations for the correlation of dark triad traits have been proposed in an attempt to identify the "core" of the dark triad. These suggested common elements include HEXACO's Honesty-humility factor,[19] social exploitativeness,[20] and callousness or low empathy.[21] Some researchers have attempted to explain the dark triad from an evolutionary perspective, with a focus on short-term mating strategies.[22] A 2011 twin study found a large heritable component of the dark triad.[23] In 2009, it was suggested that the triad should be expanded into a tetrad to incorporate sadism.[24]

Although many dark triad researchers use tests designed to measure each of the three traits individually, tests specific to dark triad research have been designed. Among the more popular of these tests are the brief Dirty Dozen which consists of only 12 questions,[25] and the Short Dark Triad (SD3) which is longer but broader in scope.[26]

The dark triad has been compared to many other theories in an attempt to understand its complexities. When compared to the interpersonal circumplex, the dark triad traits are all located in the quadrant of low communion and high agency. Upon introducing two moderators - temporal orientation and need for identity - the traits can be differentiated, as psychopathy is characterized by impulsiveness and low need for identity, Machiavellianism by strategic planning and low need for identity, and narcissism by impulsiveness and high need for identity.[27] When compared to the Big Five, the dark triad is generally associated with low agreeableness and conscientiousness with some variation between dark triad traits when particular facets are examined, i.e. under conscientiousness narcissism correlates strongly with achievement-striving whereas psychopathy correlates strongly with low deliberation.[28]

Applications

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Since its inception, the potential predictive utility of the dark triad has driven its application in a variety of research fields. These applications include:

  • Workplace behavior and outcomes - dark triad traits are positively correlated with counterproductive workplace behaviors, with one direction of research investigating situations in which one or more of the traits can be advantageous.[29]
  • Entrepreneurial motives - in undergraduate business students, dark triad traits are associated with unproductive motives for entrepreneurship (i.e. to accumulate wealth).[30]
  • Sport psychology - in athletes, dark triad traits are associated with positive doping attitudes, particularly psychopathy and Machiavellianism.[31]

Usefulness and Validity

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In order to provide evidence for the predictive validity of the dark triad, many researchers have broached the need for longitudinal studies.[32] Despite this limitation, the theory behind the dark triad has greatly expanded since its inception in 2002. While some researchers argue that the dark triad traits are indistinguishable from low Honesty-humility, its growing application in various fields suggests this concept will continue to generate new perspectives and drive research.[33]

References

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  1. ^ a b Wilmot, Michael P.; DeYoung, Colin G.; Stillwell, David; Kosinski, Michal (2016-06-01). "Self-Monitoring and the Metatraits". Journal of Personality. 84 (3): 335–347. doi:10.1111/jopy.12162. ISSN 1467-6494.
  2. ^ a b c Paulhus, Delroy L; Williams, Kevin M. "The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy". Journal of Research in Personality. 36 (6): 556–563. doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00505-6.
  3. ^ Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2013-03-01). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018. ISSN 1751-9004. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 36 (help)
  4. ^ Book, Angela; Visser, Beth A.; Volk, Anthony A. "Unpacking "evil": Claiming the core of the Dark Triad". Personality and Individual Differences. 73: 29–38. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.016.
  5. ^ Muris, Peter; Merckelbach, Harald; Otgaar, Henry; Meijer, Ewout (March 2017). "The Malevolent Side of Human Nature". Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 12 (2): 183–204. doi:10.1177/1745691616666070. ISSN 1745-6924. PMID 28346115.
  6. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (February 2014). "Introducing the short Dark Triad (SD3): a brief measure of dark personality traits". Assessment. 21 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1177/1073191113514105. ISSN 1552-3489. PMID 24322012.
  7. ^ Lee, Kibeom; Ashton, Michael C. "The Dark Triad, the Big Five, and the HEXACO model". Personality and Individual Differences. 67: 2–5. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.048.
  8. ^ Hmieleski, Keith M.; Lerner, Daniel A. (2016-10-01). "The Dark Triad and Nascent Entrepreneurship: An Examination of Unproductive versus Productive Entrepreneurial Motives". Journal of Small Business Management. 54: 7–32. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12296. ISSN 1540-627X.
  9. ^ James M. LeBreton, Levi K. Shiverdecker, and Elizabeth M. Grimaldi (2018). "The Dark Triad and Workplace Behavior". Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 5:1: 387–414.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Nicholls, Adam R.; Madigan, Daniel J.; Backhouse, Susan H.; Levy, Andrew R. "Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs: The Dark Triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes". Personality and Individual Differences. 112: 113–116. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.062.
  11. ^ Hodson, Gordon; Book, Angela; Visser, Beth A.; Volk, Anthony A.; Ashton, Michael C.; Lee, Kibeom. "Is the Dark Triad common factor distinct from low Honesty-Humility?". Journal of Research in Personality. 73: 123–129. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.012.
  12. ^ Kowalski, Christopher Marcin; Rogoza, Radosław; Vernon, Philip A.; Schermer, Julie Aitken. "The Dark Triad and the self-presentation variables of socially desirable responding and self-monitoring". Personality and Individual Differences. 120: 234–237. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.007.
  13. ^ Nübold, Annika; Bader, Josef; Bozin, Nera; Depala, Romil; Eidast, Helena; Johannessen, Elisabeth A.; Prinz, Gerhard (2017). "Developing a Taxonomy of Dark Triad Triggers at Work – A Grounded Theory Study Protocol". Frontiers in Psychology. 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00293. ISSN 1664-1078.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  14. ^ Raskin, R. N.; Hall, C. S. (October 1979). "A narcissistic personality inventory". Psychological Reports. 45 (2): 590. doi:10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590. ISSN 0033-2941. PMID 538183.
  15. ^ Christie, R., & Geis. F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Hare, R. D. (February 1985). "Comparison of procedures for the assessment of psychopathy". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 53 (1): 7–16. ISSN 0022-006X. PMID 3980831.
  17. ^ McHoskey, J. (December 1995). "Narcissism and Machiavellianism". Psychological Reports. 77 (3 Pt 1): 755–759. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.755. ISSN 0033-2941. PMID 8559913.
  18. ^ McHoskey, J. W.; Worzel, W.; Szyarto, C. (January 1998). "Machiavellianism and psychopathy". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74 (1): 192–210. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 9457782.
  19. ^ "Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and Narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure". Personality and Individual Differences. 38 (7): 1571–1582. 2005-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.016. ISSN 0191-8869.
  20. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Li, Norman P.; Webster, Gregory D.; Schmitt, David P. (2009-02-01). "The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men". European Journal of Personality. 23 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1002/per.698. ISSN 1099-0984.
  21. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 249–267. doi:10.1002/9781118001868.ch15.
  22. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Li, Norman P.; Webster, Gregory D.; Schmitt, David P. (2009-02-01). "The dark triad: Facilitating a short-term mating strategy in men". European Journal of Personality. 23 (1): 5–18. doi:10.1002/per.698. ISSN 1099-0984.
  23. ^ Petrides, K. V.; Vernon, Philip A.; Schermer, Julie Aitken; Veselka, Livia (2011). "Trait Emotional Intelligence and the Dark Triad Traits of Personality". Twin Research and Human Genetics. 14 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1375/twin.14.1.35. ISSN 1839-2628.
  24. ^ "Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency". Personality and Individual Differences. 47 (7): 734–739. 2009-11-01. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020. ISSN 0191-8869.
  25. ^ Jonason, Peter K.; Webster, Gregory D. (June 2010). "The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad". Psychological Assessment. 22 (2): 420–432. doi:10.1037/a0019265. ISSN 1939-134X. PMID 20528068.
  26. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (February 2014). "Introducing the short Dark Triad (SD3): a brief measure of dark personality traits". Assessment. 21 (1): 28–41. doi:10.1177/1073191113514105. ISSN 1552-3489. PMID 24322012.
  27. ^ Jones, Daniel N.; Paulhus, Delroy L. Handbook of Interpersonal Psychology. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 249–267. doi:10.1002/9781118001868.ch15.
  28. ^ Furnham, Adrian; Richards, Steven C.; Paulhus, Delroy L. (2013-03-01). "The Dark Triad of Personality: A 10 Year Review". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 7 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1111/spc3.12018. ISSN 1751-9004.
  29. ^ LeBreton, James M.; Shiverdecker, Levi K.; Grimaldi, Elizabeth M. (2018). "The Dark Triad and Workplace Behavior". Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 5 (1): 387–414. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451.
  30. ^ Hmieleski, Keith M.; Lerner, Daniel A. (2016-10-01). "The Dark Triad and Nascent Entrepreneurship: An Examination of Unproductive versus Productive Entrepreneurial Motives". Journal of Small Business Management. 54: 7–32. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12296. ISSN 1540-627X.
  31. ^ "Personality traits and performance enhancing drugs: The Dark Triad and doping attitudes among competitive athletes". Personality and Individual Differences. 112: 113–116. 2017-07-01. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.062. ISSN 0191-8869.
  32. ^ Muris, Peter; Merckelbach, Harald; Otgaar, Henry; Meijer, Ewout (March 2017). "The Malevolent Side of Human Nature". Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science. 12 (2): 183–204. doi:10.1177/1745691616666070. ISSN 1745-6924. PMID 28346115.
  33. ^ "Is the Dark Triad common factor distinct from low Honesty-Humility?". Journal of Research in Personality. 73: 123–129. 2018-04-01. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.012. ISSN 0092-6566.
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