User:Mliu92/sandbox/SAE J3016
| Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles | |
| Status | Issued |
|---|---|
| First published | 16 January 2014 |
| Latest version | April 30, 2021 |
| Organization | Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) |
| Related standards |
|
| Website | www |
SAE J3016, commonly known as the Levels of Driving Automation, is a surface vehicle recommended practice entitled Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, which was developed and is maintained by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). It was first published in January 2014 and the current revision was issued in April 2021.
J3016 defines six levels of automation for self-driving cars, ranging from Level 0 (advanced driver-assistance systems that provide warnings and momentary assistance) to Level 5 (automated driving systems that can drive everywhere in all conditions). The key division is between Level 2 and Level 3; at Level 2 and below, the human must be present and is responsible for performing the driving task, regardless of any automated features that support the human, while at Level 3 and above, the automated system is responsible for the driving task, and a human may or may not be present. Level 3 has shared responsibilities, where a human is always present and is expected to take over the driving task when requested, but the vehicle drives itself under limited conditions.
Overview and definitions[edit]
SAE J3016 defines the dynamic driving task (DDT) as all of the operational and tactical actions required in real-time to operate a vehicle in road traffic, which include:[1]: 9, §3.10
- Steering, an operation that controls lateral vehicle motions
- Braking and Acceleration, operations that control longitudinal vehicle motions
- Monitoring and Responding, operations and tactics resulting from the driving environment; this includes the tactics of detection and classification of people, vehicles, objects, and events; then the choice and execution of appropriate operations in response to those inputs
- Planning, a tactic that determines which maneuvers are appropriate and when to apply them
- Communicating, a tactic to ensure the driver's intentions are clearly understood by other road users outside the vehicle, including any signals or actions required to make the vehicle conspicuous
The driving automation system is the combination of hardware and software that performs all or part of the DDT on a sustained basis.[1]: 7, §3.6 Each driving automation system feature is classified according to which of the DDT actions are automated, and to what degree. Level 1 and Level 2 features support, but do not replace the driver's role in performing the DDT.[1]: 9, §3.8 In contrast, Levels 3 through 5 are automated driving systems capable of performing the entire DDT without human intervention, but may be restricted to specific operating conditions and/or operational domains.[1]: 6, §3.2
When a required DDT action has failed to be performed, either because the driving automation system has failed or it has exited its operational design domain, the DDT fallback logic describes how the system ensures either the human is prompted manually to perform the required DDT or a minimal risk condition is achieved.[1]: 10–11, §3.12
Levels[edit]
| Level 0 | Level 1 | Level 2 | Level 3 | Level 4 | Level 5 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDT responsibility | Human | Machine | ||||
| Machine functions as | Human driver support (ADAS) | Automated driving (ADS) | ||||
| Human driver presence | Constantly required | Mostly not required | Not required | |||
| unless requested | ||||||
| Automated features provide | Warnings & momentary assistance | Steering OR braking / acceleration | Steering AND braking / acceleration | Automated driving under limited conditions or specific operating domains | Automated driving under all conditions | |
| Example features | lane centering OR adaptive cruise control | lane centering AND adaptive cruise control | traffic jam chauffeur | local driverless taxi | driverless taxi without geofence | |
The key distinguishing factors between each level of automation are which DDT actions are automated and to what degree, how the system deals with failures to perform the DDTs
One of the key features that distinguishes the level of automation is Object and Event Detection and Response (OEDR), which encompasses the monitoring, responding, planning, and communicating DDTs[1]: 17, §3.19
Revision history[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f "Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, J3016_202104". SAE International. April 30, 2021.
- ^ "SAE J3016 Visual Chart" (PDF). SAE International. May 3, 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
External links[edit]
- "Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, J3016_202104". SAE International. April 30, 2021.
- "Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, J3016_201806". SAE International. June 15, 2018.
- "Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, J3016_201609". SAE International. September 30, 2016.
- "Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles, J3016_201401". SAE International. January 16, 2014.