User:Mr. Ibrahem/Achilles tendon rupture
| Achilles tendon rupture | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Achilles tendon tear,[1] Achilles rupture[2] |
 | |
| The achilles tendon | |
| Specialty | Orthopedics, emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Pain in the heel[3] |
| Usual onset | Sudden[3] |
| Causes | Forced plantar flexion of the foot, direct trauma, long-standing tendonitis[4] |
| Risk factors | Fluoroquinolones, significant change in exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, corticosteroids[1][5] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms and examination, supported by medical imaging[5] |
| Differential diagnosis | Achilles tendinitis, ankle sprain, avulsion fracture of the calcaneus[5] |
| Treatment | Casting or surgery[6][5] |
| Frequency | 1 per 10,000 people per year[5] |
Achilles tendon rupture is when the Achilles tendon, at the back of the ankle, breaks.[5] Symptoms include the sudden onset of sharp pain in the heel.[3] A snapping sound may be heard as the tendon breaks and walking becomes difficult.[4]
Rupture typically occurs as a result of a sudden bending up of the foot when the calf muscle is engaged, direct trauma, or long-standing tendonitis.[4][5] Other risk factors include the use of fluoroquinolones, a significant change in exercise, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or corticosteroid use.[1][5] Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and examination and supported by medical imaging.[5]
Prevention may include stretching before activity.[4] Treatment may be by surgery repair or casting with the toes somewhat pointed down.[6][2] Relatively rapid return to weight bearing (within 4 weeks) appears okay.[6][7] While surgery traditionally results in a small decrease in the risk of re-rupture, the risk of other complications is greater.[2] Additionally rapid rehabilitation may remove this difference in ruptures.[2] If appropriate treatment does not occur within 4 weeks of the injury outcomes are not as good.[8]
Achilles tendon rupture occurs in about 1 per 10,000 people per year.[5] Males are more commonly affected than females.[1] People in their 30s to 50s are most commonly affected.[5] The tendon itself was named in 1693 after the Greek hero Achilles.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d "Achilles Tendon Tears". MSD Manual Professional Edition. August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.
- ^ a b c d Ochen, Yassine; Beks, Reinier B; van Heijl, Mark; Hietbrink, Falco; Leenen, Luke P H; van der Velde, Detlef; Heng, Marilyn; van der Meijden, Olivier; Groenwold, Rolf H H; Houwert, R Marijn (7 January 2019). "Operative treatment versus nonoperative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ: k5120. doi:10.1136/bmj.k5120. PMC 6322065.
- ^ a b c Hubbard, MJ; Hildebrand, BA; Battafarano, MM; Battafarano, DF (June 2018). "Common Soft Tissue Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders". Primary Care. 45 (2): 289–303. doi:10.1016/j.pop.2018.02.006. PMID 29759125.
- ^ a b c d Gossman, WG; Bhimji, SS (January 2018). "Achilles Tendon, Rupture". StatPearls. PMID 28613594.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ferri, Fred F. (2015). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2016 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 19. ISBN 9780323378222. Archived from the original on 2020-05-11. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
- ^ a b c El-Akkawi, AI; Joanroy, R; Barfod, KW; Kallemose, T; Kristensen, SS; Viberg, B (March 2018). "Effect of Early Versus Late Weightbearing in Conservatively Treated Acute Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Meta-Analysis". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 57 (2): 346–352. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.06.006. PMID 28974345.
- ^ van der Eng, DM; Schepers, T; Goslings, JC; Schep, NW (2012). "Rerupture rate after early weightbearing in operative versus conservative treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures: a meta-analysis". The Journal of Foot and Ankle Surgery. 52 (5): 622–8. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2013.03.027. PMID 23659914.
- ^ Maffulli, N; Ajis, A (June 2008). "Management of chronic ruptures of the Achilles tendon". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 90 (6): 1348–60. doi:10.2106/JBJS.G.01241. PMID 18519331.
- ^ Taylor, Robert B. (2017). The Amazing Language of Medicine: Understanding Medical Terms and Their Backstories. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 9783319503288. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2018-06-26.