User:Mr. Ibrahem/Bulimia nervosa
| Bulimia nervosa | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Bulimia |
 | |
| Loss of enamel (acid erosion) from the inside of the upper front teeth as a result of bulimia | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, clinical psychology |
| Symptoms | Eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time followed by vomiting or the use of laxatives, often normal weight[1][2] |
| Complications | Breakdown of the teeth, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, suicide[2][3] |
| Causes | Genetic and environmental factors[2][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on person's medical history[5] |
| Differential diagnosis | Anorexia, binge eating disorder, Kleine-Levin syndrome, borderline personality disorder[5] |
| Treatment | Cognitive behavioral therapy[2][6] |
| Medication | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressant[4][7] |
| Prognosis | Half recover over 10 years with treatment[4] |
| Frequency | 3.6 million (2015)[8] |
Bulimia nervosa, also known as simply bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging.[2] Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time.[2] Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed.[2] This may be done by vomiting or taking laxatives.[2] Other efforts to lose weight may include the use of diuretics, stimulants, water fasting, or excessive exercise.[2][4] Most people with bulimia are at a normal weight.[1] The forcing of vomiting may result in thickened skin on the knuckles and breakdown of the teeth.[2] Bulimia is frequently associated with other mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, and problems with drugs or alcohol.[2] There is also a higher risk of suicide and self-harm.[3]
Bulimia is more common among those who have a close relative with the condition.[2] The percentage risk that is estimated to be due to genetics is between 30% and 80%.[4] Other risk factors for the disease include psychological stress, cultural pressure to attain a certain body type, poor self-esteem, and obesity.[2][4] Living in a culture that promotes dieting and having parents that worry about weight are also risks.[4] Diagnosis is based on a person's medical history;[5] however, this is difficult, as people are usually secretive about their binge eating and purging habits.[4] Further, the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa takes precedence over that of bulimia.[4] Other similar disorders include binge eating disorder, Kleine-Levin syndrome, and borderline personality disorder.[5]
Cognitive behavioral therapy is the primary treatment for bulimia.[2][6] Antidepressants of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or tricyclic antidepressant classes may have a modest benefit.[4][7] While outcomes with bulimia are typically better than in those with anorexia, the risk of death among those affected is higher than that of the general population.[3] At 10 years after receiving treatment about 50% of people are fully recovered.[4]
Globally, bulimia was estimated to affect 3.6 million people in 2015.[8] About 1% of young women have bulimia at a given point in time and about 2% to 3% of women have the condition at some point in their lives.[3] The condition is less common in the developing world.[4] Bulimia is about nine times more likely to occur in women than men.[5] Among women, rates are highest in young adults.[5] Bulimia was named and first described by the British psychiatrist Gerald Russell in 1979.[9][10]
References[edit]
- ^ a b Bulik CM, Marcus MD, Zerwas S, Levine MD, La Via M (October 2012). "The changing "weightscape" of bulimia nervosa". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (10): 1031–6. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010147. PMC 4038540. PMID 23032383.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Bulimia nervosa fact sheet". Office on Women's Health. July 16, 2012. Archived from the original on June 19, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (August 2012). "Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates". Current Psychiatry Reports. 14 (4): 406–14. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y. PMC 3409365. PMID 22644309.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Hay PJ, Claudino AM (July 2010). "Bulimia nervosa". BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2010: 1009. PMC 3275326. PMID 21418667.
- ^ a b c d e f American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 345–349. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ^ a b Hay P (July 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005-2012". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (5): 462–9. doi:10.1002/eat.22103. PMID 23658093.
- ^ a b McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Mori N, O'Melia AM (October 2012). "Current pharmacotherapy options for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (14): 2015–26. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.721781. PMID 22946772.
- ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
- ^ Russell G (August 1979). "Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa". Psychological Medicine. 9 (3): 429–48. doi:10.1017/S0033291700031974. PMID 482466.
- ^ Palmer R (December 2004). "Bulimia nervosa: 25 years on". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 185 (6): 447–8. doi:10.1192/bjp.185.6.447. PMID 15572732.