User:Mr. Ibrahem/Quinine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with quinidine, quinone, or quinoline.
Mr. Ibrahem/Quinine
Clinical data
PronunciationUS: /ˈkwaɪnaɪn/, /kwɪˈniːn/ or UK: /ˈkwɪniːn/ KWIN-een
Trade namesQualaquin, Quinate, Quinbisul, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682322
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding70–95%[1]
MetabolismLiver (mostly CYP3A4 and CYP2C19-mediated)
Elimination half-life8–14 hours (adults), 6–12 hours (children)[1]
ExcretionKidney (20%)
Identifiers
  • (R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)[(1S,2S,4S,5R)-5-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl]methanol
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H24N2O2
Molar mass324.424 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point177 °C (351 °F)
  • [H][C@@]1([C@@H](C2=CC=NC3=CC=C(C=C23)OC)O)C[C@@H]4CC[N@]1C[C@@H]4C=C
  • InChI=1S/C20H24N2O2/c1-3-13-12-22-9-7-14(13)10-19(22)20(23)16-6-8-21-18-5-4-15(24-2)11-17(16)18/h3-6,8,11,13-14,19-20,23H,1,7,9-10,12H2,2H3/t13-,14-,19-,20+/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:LOUPRKONTZGTKE-WZBLMQSHSA-N checkY
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.[3] This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available.[3][5] While sometimes used for restless legs syndrome, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects.[3] It can be taken by mouth or intravenously.[3] Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.[3] Quinine is also the ingredient in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste.[6]

Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, trouble seeing, and sweating.[3] More severe side effects include deafness, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat.[3] Use can make one more prone to sunburn.[3] While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, treating malaria during pregnancy with quinine when appropriate is still recommended.[3] Quinine is an alkaloid, a naturally occurring chemical compound.[3] How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear.[3]

Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of a cinchona tree, which is native to Peru.[3][7][8] Bark extracts had been used to treat malaria since at least 1632 and it was introduced to Spain as early as 1636 by Jesuit missionaries from the New World.[9] Quinine is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] The wholesale price in the developing world is about US$1.70 to $3.40 per course of treatment.[11] In the United States a course of treatment costs more than $200.[12]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Qualaquin (quinine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  2. ^ "QUININE oral - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Quinine sulfate". Drugs.com. 2020-02-20. Archived from the original on 2015-12-05. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  4. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
  5. ^ Esu EB, Effa EE, Opie ON, Meremikwu MM (June 2019). "Artemether for severe malaria". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 6: CD010678. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010678.pub3. PMC 6580442. PMID 31210357.
  6. ^ Olmsted, John; Williams, Gregory M. (1997). Chemistry: The Molecular Science. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-815-18450-8. Archived from the original on 15 September 2016.
  7. ^ Willcox, Merlin (28 June 2004). Traditional Medicinal Plants and Malaria. CRC Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780203502327. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  8. ^ Cechinel-Filho, Valdir (2012). Plant bioactives and drug discovery : principles, practice, and perspectives. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 9780470582268. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  9. ^ Staines, Henry M.; Krishna, Sanjeev (2011). Treatment and Prevention of Malaria : Antimalarial Drug Chemistry, Action and Use. [S.l.]: Springer Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 9783034604796. Archived from the original on 2020-02-22. Retrieved 2017-09-10.
  10. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  11. ^ "Quinine Sulfate". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  12. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 47. ISBN 9781284057560.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Quinine&oldid=1173101672"