User:Mr. Ibrahem/Sexually transmitted infection

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"Sexual disease" redirects here. Not to be confused with sexual dysfunction.
Sexually transmitted infection
Other namesSexually transmitted diseases (STD), venereal diseases (VD)
"Syphilis is a dangerous disease, but it can be cured." Poster encouraging treatment. Published between 1936 and 1938.
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsNone, vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, pelvic pain[1]
ComplicationsInfertility[1]
CausesInfections commonly spread by sex[1]
PreventionNot having sex, vaccinations, condoms[2]
Frequency1.1 billion (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015)[3]
Deaths108,000 (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015)[4]

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.[1][5] STIs often do not initially cause symptoms,[1] which results in a greater risk of passing the disease on to others.[6][7] Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain.[1] STIs can be transmitted to a baby before or during childbirth, which can result worsened health outcomes.[1][8] Some STIs can result in a decreased ability to get pregnant.[1]

More than 30 different bacteria, viruses, and parasites can be transmitted through sexual activity.[1] Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.[1] Viral STIs include genital herpes, HIV/AIDS, and genital warts.[1] Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis.[1] While usually spread by sex, some STIs can be spread by non-sexual contact with donor tissue, blood, breastfeeding, or during childbirth.[1] STI diagnostic tests are usually easily available in the developed world, but they are often unavailable in the developing world.[1]

The most effective way to prevent STIs is to not have sex.[2] Some vaccinations may also decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and some types of HPV.[2] Safe sex practices, such as use of condoms, having a smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship in which each person only has sex with the other also decreases the risk of STIs.[1][2] Circumcision in adult males may be effective to prevent some infections.[1] During school, comprehensive sex education may also be useful.[9] Most STIs are treatable or curable; of the most common infections, syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis are curable, while herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV are treatable but not curable.[1] Resistance to certain antibiotics is developing among some organisms such as gonorrhea.[10]

In 2015, about 1.1 billion people had STIs other than HIV/AIDS.[3] About 500 million were infected with either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis.[1] At least an additional 530 million people have genital herpes, and 290 million women have human papillomavirus.[1] STIs other than HIV resulted in 108,000 deaths in 2015.[4] In the United States, there were 19 million new cases of STIs in 2010.[11] Historical documentation of STIs dates back to at least the Ebers papyrus around 1550 BC and the Old Testament.[12] There is often shame and stigma associated with STIs.[1] The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over sexually transmitted disease or venereal disease, as it includes those who do not have symptomatic disease.[13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Fact sheet N°110". who.int. November 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b c d "How You Can Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  3. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  4. ^ a b Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  5. ^ "Sexually transmitted infections". womenshealth.gov. 2017-02-22. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 2017-12-08.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2013). Medical microbiology (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-323-08692-9. Archived from the original on 2015-12-01.
  7. ^ Goering, Richard V. (2012). Mims' medical microbiology (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-7234-3601-0. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  8. ^ "Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV". HIV.gov. 2017-05-15. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  9. ^ International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 28. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  10. ^ Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (August 2012). "Update to CDC's Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010: oral cephalosporins no longer a recommended treatment for gonococcal infections". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 61 (31): 590–4. PMID 22874837. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  11. ^ "STD Trends in the United States: 2010 National Data for Gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and Syphilis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  12. ^ Gross, Gerd; Tyring, Stephen K. (2011). Sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-642-14663-3. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24.
  13. ^ Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003. p. vi. ISBN 978-92-4-154626-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-12-08.
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