User:Mr. Ibrahem/Tetralogy of Fallot
| Tetralogy of Fallot | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Fallot’s syndrome, Fallot’s tetrad, Steno-Fallot tetralogy[1] |
 | |
| Diagram of a healthy heart and one with tetralogy of Fallot | |
| Specialty | Cardiac surgery, pediatrics |
| Symptoms | Episodes of bluish color to the skin, difficulty breathing, heart murmur, finger clubbing[2] |
| Complications | Irregular heart rate, pulmonary regurgitation[3] |
| Usual onset | From birth[4] |
| Causes | Unknown[5] |
| Risk factors | Alcohol, diabetes, >40, rubella during pregnancy[5] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, echocardiogram[6] |
| Differential diagnosis | Transposition of the great arteries, Eisenmenger syndrome, Ebstein anomaly[7] |
| Treatment | Open heart surgery[8] |
| Frequency | 1 in 2,000 babies[4] |
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a type of heart defect present at birth.[4] Symptoms at birth may vary from none to severe.[9] Later, there are typically episodes of bluish color to the skin known as cyanosis.[2] When affected babies cry or have a bowel movement, they may develop a "tet spell" where they turn very blue, have difficulty breathing, become limp, and occasionally lose consciousness.[2] Other symptoms may include a heart murmur, finger clubbing, and easy tiring upon breastfeeding.[2]
The cause is typically not known.[5] Risk factors include a mother who uses alcohol, has diabetes, is over the age of 40, or gets rubella during pregnancy.[5][10] It may also be associated with Down syndrome.[5] Classically there are four defects:[4]
- pulmonary stenosis, narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle
- a ventricular septal defect, a hole between the two ventricles
- right ventricular hypertrophy, thickening of the right ventricular muscle
- an overriding aorta, which allows blood from both ventricles to enter the aorta
TOF is typically treated by open heart surgery in the first year of life.[8] Timing of surgery depends on the baby's symptoms and size.[8] The procedure involves increasing the size of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary arteries and repairing the ventricular septal defect.[8] In babies who are too small, a temporary surgery may be done with plans for a second surgery when the baby is bigger.[8] With proper care, most people who are affected live to be adults.[4] Long-term problems may include an irregular heart rate and pulmonary regurgitation.[3]
TOF occurs in about 1 in 2,000 newborns.[4] Males and females are affected equally.[4] It is the most common complex congenital heart defect accounting for about 10 percent of cases.[11][12] It was initially described in 1671 by Niels Stensen.[1][13] A further description was published in 1888 by the French physician Étienne-Louis Arthur Fallot, after whom it is named.[1][14] The first total surgical repair was carried out in 1954.[3]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Fallot's tetralogy". Whonamedit?. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d "What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?". NHLBI. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ a b c Warnes, Carole A. (July 2005). "The Adult With Congenital Heart Disease". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 46 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.02.083. PMID 15992627.
- ^ a b c d e f g "What Is Tetralogy of Fallot?". NHLBI. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "What Causes Tetralogy of Fallot?". NHLBI. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ "How Is Tetralogy of Fallot Diagnosed?". NHLBI. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- ^ Prasad, Rajnish; Kahan, Scott; Mohan, Pankaj (2007). In a Page: Cardiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781764964. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
- ^ a b c d e "How Is Tetralogy of Fallot Treated?". NHLBI. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ Bunce, Nicholas H.; Ray, Robin; Patel, Hitesh (2020). "30. Cardiology". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1011–1112. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
- ^ Pregnancy and congenital heart disease. Roos-Hesselink, Jolien W., Johnson, Mark R. Cham: Springer. 2017. p. 62. ISBN 9783319389134. OCLC 969644876.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Yuh, David D. (2014). Johns Hopkins textbook of cardiothoracic surgery (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies. ISBN 9780071663502. OCLC 828334087.
- ^ "Types of Congenital Heart Defects". NHLBI. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
- ^ Van Praagh, R (2009). "The first Stella van Praagh memorial lecture: the history and anatomy of tetralogy of Fallot". Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Annual. 12: 19–38. doi:10.1053/j.pcsu.2009.01.004. PMID 19349011.
- ^ Fallot, Arthur (1888). Contribution à l'anatomie pathologique de la maladie bleue (cyanose cardiaque), par le Dr. A. Fallot, ... (in French). Marseille: Impr. de Barlatier-Feissat. pp. 77–93. OCLC 457786038.