User:Mr. Ibrahem/Toxoplasmosis
| Toxoplasmosis | |
|---|---|
 | |
| T. gondii tachyzoites | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Often none, during pregnancy (birth defects)[1][2] |
| Complications | Congenital toxoplasmosis[1] |
| Causes | Toxoplasma gondii[3] |
| Risk factors | Eating poorly cooked food, exposure to infected cat feces[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood test, amniotic fluid test[4] |
| Treatment | During pregnancy spiramycin or pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and folinic acid[5] |
| Frequency | Up to 50% of people, 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis a year[6][7] |
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii.[3] Infections with T. gondii usually cause no obvious symptoms in adults.[8] Occasionally, people may have a few weeks or months of mild, flu-like illness such as muscle aches and tender lymph nodes.[1] In a small number of people, eye problems may develop.[1] In those with a weak immune system, severe symptoms such as seizures and poor coordination may occur.[1] If infected during pregnancy, a condition known as congenital toxoplasmosis may affect the child.[1]
Toxoplasmosis is usually spread by eating poorly cooked food that contains cysts, exposure to infected cat feces, and from an infected mother to her baby during pregnancy.[3] Rarely, the disease may be spread by blood transfusion.[3] It is not otherwise spread between people.[3] The parasite is known to reproduce sexually only in the cat family.[9] However, it can infect most types of warm-blooded animals, including humans.[9] Diagnosis is typically by testing blood for antibodies or by testing amniotic fluid for the parasite's DNA.[4]
Prevention is by properly preparing and cooking food.[10] Pregnant women are also recommended not to clean cat litter boxes, or if they must to wear gloves and wash their hands afterwards.[10] Treatment of otherwise healthy people is usually not needed.[5] During pregnancy, spiramycin or pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and folinic acid may be used for treatment.[5]
Up to half of the world's population is infected by toxoplasmosis, but have no symptoms.[7] In the United States, approximately 11% of people are infected.[3] In Brazil about 78% are infected.[8] Approximately 200,000 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis occur a year.[6] Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux first described the organism in 1908.[11] In 1941, transmission during pregnancy from a mother to a baby was confirmed.[11] There is tentative evidence that infection may affect people's behavior.[12]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Disease". July 10, 2014. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ Hunter, CA; Sibley, LD (November 2012). "Modulation of innate immunity by Toxoplasma gondii virulence effectors". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 10 (11): 766–78. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2858. PMC 3689224. PMID 23070557.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Epidemiology & Risk Factors". March 26, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Diagnosis". January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b c "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Resources for Health Professionals". April 14, 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b Torgerson, Paul R; Mastroiacovo, Pierpaolo (2013). "The global burden of congenital toxoplasmosis: a systematic review". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 91 (7): 501–508. doi:10.2471/BLT.12.111732. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 3699792. PMID 23825877.
- ^ a b Flegr J, Prandota J, Sovičková M, Israili ZH (March 2014). "Toxoplasmosis—a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90203. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...990203F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090203. PMC 3963851. PMID 24662942.
Toxoplasmosis is becoming a global health hazard as it infects 30–50% of the world human population.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Montoya, Jose G. (2020). "328. Toxoplasmosis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 2056-2058. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on 2023-09-10. Retrieved 2023-09-07.
- ^ a b "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Biology". March 17, 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b "Parasites – Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma infection) Prevention & Control". January 10, 2013. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ a b Ferguson DJ (2009). "Toxoplasma gondii: 1908–2008, homage to Nicolle, Manceaux and Splendore". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 104 (2): 133–48. doi:10.1590/S0074-02762009000200003. PMID 19430635.
- ^ Tyebji, S; Seizova, S; Hannan, AJ; Tonkin, CJ (January 2019). "Toxoplasmosis: A pathway to neuropsychiatric disorders". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 96: 72–92. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.11.012. PMID 30476506.