User:Mr. Ibrahem/Yellow fever

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Yellow fever
Other namesYellow jack, yellow plague,[1] bronze john[2]
A TEM micrograph of yellow fever virus (234,000× magnification)
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, chills, muscle pain, headache, yellow skin[3]
ComplicationsLiver failure, bleeding[3]
Usual onset3 – 6 days post exposure[3]
Duration3 – 4 days[3]
CausesYellow fever virus spread by mosquitoes[3]
Diagnostic methodBlood test[4]
PreventionYellow fever vaccine[3]
TreatmentSupportive care[3]
Frequency~127,000 severe cases (2013)[3]
Deaths5,100 (2015)[5]

Yellow fever is a viral disease of typically short duration.[3] In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains particularly in the back, and headaches.[3] Symptoms typically improve within five days.[3] In about 15% of people, within a day of improving the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin.[3][6] If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is increased.[3]

The disease is caused by yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of an infected female mosquito.[3] It infects only humans, other primates, and several types of mosquitoes.[3] In cities, it is spread primarily by Aedes aegypti, a type of mosquito found throughout the tropics and subtropics.[3] The virus is an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus.[7] The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses, especially in the early stages.[3] To confirm a suspected case, blood-sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required.[4]

A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists, and some countries require vaccinations for travelers.[3] Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquitoes.[3] In areas where yellow fever is common, early diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population are important to prevent outbreaks.[3] Once infected, management is symptomatic with no specific measures effective against the virus.[3] Death occurs in up to half of those who get severe disease.[3][8]

In 2013, yellow fever resulted in about 127,000 severe infections and 45,000 deaths,[3] with nearly 90 percent of these occurring in African nations.[4] Nearly a billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common.[3] It is common in tropical areas of the continents of South America and Africa, but not in Asia.[3][9] Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing.[3][10] This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune, more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and changing climate increasing the habitat for mosquitoes.[3] The disease originated in Africa and spread to South America with the slave trade in the 17th century.[1] Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe.[1] In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerous infectious diseases.[1] In 1927, yellow fever virus was the first human virus isolated.[7][11]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Oldstone, Michael (2009). Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future. Oxford University Press. pp. 102–4. ISBN 978-0-19-975849-4. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23.
  2. ^ Bazin, Hervé (2011). Vaccination: a history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering. Montrouge: J. Libbey Eurotext. p. 407. ISBN 978-2-7420-0775-2. Archived from the original on 2017-02-23.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100". World Health Organization. May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  4. ^ a b c Tolle MA (April 2009). "Mosquito-borne diseases". Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 39 (4): 97–140. doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001. PMID 19327647.
  5. ^ Wang, Haidong; et al. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980 – 2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". The Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  6. ^ Scully, Crispian (2014). Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 572. ISBN 978-0-7020-5963-6. Archived from the original on 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  7. ^ a b Lindenbach, B. D.; et al. (2007). "Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication". In Knipe, D. M.; P. M. Howley (eds.). Fields Virology (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1101. ISBN 978-0-7817-6060-7.
  8. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Yellow Fever". CDC. August 21, 2015. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  9. ^ "CDC Yellow Fever". Archived from the original on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2012-12-12.
  10. ^ Barrett AD, Higgs S (2007). "Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered". Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52: 209–29. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454. PMID 16913829. S2CID 9896455. Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  11. ^ Sfakianos, Jeffrey; Hecht, Alan (2009). Babcock, Hilary (ed.). West Nile Virus (Curriculum-based juvenile nonfiction). Deadly Diseases & Epidemics. Foreword by David Heymann (2nd ed.). New York: Chelsea House. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-60413-254-0. Archived from the original on 2021-01-26. Retrieved 2020-07-30. The yellow fever virus was isolated in 1927
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