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User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/A timeline of the romanization of Arabic and Persian

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19th century

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  • 1828 Orientalist and philologist, William Jones developed a system of Roman-alphabet transliteration of Persian, with an early iteration in the form of a table in his 1828 publication entitled Grammar of the Persian language.[1][2]

20th century

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1920s

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  • 1922 The Petit Larousse introduced the spelling Behaism. The current edition uses the term bahaïsme for the name of the religion, Baháʼí Faith and the transliteration the name of the founder of the Baháʼí Faith as Bahā’ Allāh.[citation needed]
  • 1923 In a general March 12 letter, Shoghi Effendi—head of the Baháʼí Faith from 1921 to 1957—introduced a "full authoritative code" to standardize the romanization of Persian that had been "widely adopted by contemporary Orientalists throughout the world" to provide a "basis for the transliteration of Baha’i terms and Oriental names".[5]

1930s

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  • 1938 Since 1938, the romanization of the Arabic alphabet was being studied at the Academy of Arabic language in Cairo.[6]

1950s

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  • 1956 In Damascus, At the Arab Academies conference, romanization of Arabic was a "central topic".[6]
  • 1958 The Library of Congress developed a system for the transliteration of Arabic and Persian words that was published in their Cataloguing Service Bulletin 49 in November 1958.[7] It was widely adopted.[7]

1960s

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  • 1961 A Cultural Attache of the Embassy of Iraq in Washington said in his Middle East Journal article that concerns had been raised about the need for reforming the Arabic writing system.[6]
    • 1961 In Rabat, Morocco, at the conference on Arabization, romanization of Arabic was a topic of discussion.[6]
  • 1966 The United Nations approved an Iranian national transliteration system in 1967. It was "mainly a transliteration system whereby several Persian characters were distinguished and in some cases digraphs were used."

1980s

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  • 1985 Systems of romanization designed for the Persian language are not easily transferable to Arabic. According to the preface by Ehsan Yarshater in volume 1 of the 1985 Encyclopaedia Iranica document, "many Arabic words, titles, and phrases are intimately involved in Persian usage that the employment of two systems would lead only to chaos."[8] Columbia University's Yarshater, who is known for his vast and comprehensive Encyclopedia of Iranica[9] wrote that "Unfortunately, no amount of ingenuity can devise a system ideal for rendering both Persian and Arabic."[8]

1990s

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  • 1997 The author of a 1997 masters thesis said that one of the main problems in the field of Iranian studies is the challenge of "coordinating the representation of Persian and Arabic words".[7] The theses said that at that time the 1958 Library of Congress system which was widely used, "does not entirely suit the rendering of Persian".[8]

2000s

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  • 2003 The United Nations officially approved a system of romanization of Persian that had been under development since 1988.[10][11]
  • 2007 At a conference in Beirut, the Unified Arabic Transliteration System was adopted.[12]

2010s

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  • 2012 The Islamic Republic of Iran submitted a proposal entitled "New Persian Romanization System" at the Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names.[13]
  • 2015 ISO 233-2 was adopted for use by the Bibliothèque nationale de France [14] and in North African libraries. ISSN recommended its use for cataloguing. The United Nations set a number of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which included the development of globally recognized standards built around consensus which will help "businesses take on the responsibilities that the UN believes they are capable of in order to meet the SDGs by 2030. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) sets new standards based on consensus to facilitate governments and industries reaching their SDGs.[15]
  • 2017 In resolution XI/3, the United Nations approved the recommended romanization system for Arabic.[12] It is based on the Unified Arabic Transliteration System that had previously been adopted by Arabic experts at the 2007 conference in Beirut. The new system was also informed by participants of the 2008 Fourth Arab Conference on Geographical Names in Beirut with additional "clarifications and amendments" agreed in Riyadh in 2017.[12]
  • 2018 In Algeria, Djibouti, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia the use of the UN's 2017 romanization system was not generally adopted as these countries chose to conform to the principles of French orthography.[12]

2020s

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  • 2023 The style guide provided by the Bahá’í community's official Bahá’í World News Service (BWNS) says that while there are accent marks on Bahá’í names and terms, many publications do not use them because they "do not have the facility for using such marks."[16]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Jones 1828, p. 2.
  2. ^ Cannon 1958.
  3. ^ Momen 1991.
  4. ^ Plunkett 1894.
  5. ^ Effendi 1923.
  6. ^ a b c d Al-Toma 1961.
  7. ^ a b c Winters 1997.
  8. ^ a b c Yarshater 1985.
  9. ^ Alavi 2018.
  10. ^ UNGEGN 2013.
  11. ^ UNESCO 2012a.
  12. ^ a b c d UNGEGN 2018.
  13. ^ UNESCO 2012.
  14. ^ BNF 2010.
  15. ^ ISO 2023.
  16. ^ BWNS n.d.

References

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Academic

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  • Al-Toma, Salih J. (1961). "The Arabic Writing System and Proposals for Its Reform". Middle East Journal. 15 (4): 403–15. JSTOR 4323405.
  • Cannon, Garland H. (1958). "Sir William Jones's Persian linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 78 (4): 262–73. doi:10.2307/595789. JSTOR 595789. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
  • Jones, William (1828). Grammar of the Persian language (9 ed.).
  • Plunkett, G. T. (1894). "Report of the Transliteration Committee Tenth International Congress of Orientalists". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Geneva: 879–892 JSTOR 25207765.

Theses

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Encyclopedias

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  • Yarshater, Ehsan (1985). "Preface on romanization". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 1. Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Reports

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Conferences

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  • Islamic Republic of Iran (July 2012). New Persian Romanization System. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York: UNESCO.
  • Islamic Republic of Iran (July 2012a). New Persian Romanization System: E/CONF.101/118/Rev.1. Tenth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York: UNESCO.
  • Romanization system from Arabic letters to Latinized letters 2007. Eleventh United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. New York. August 17, 2017.

News

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General

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{{Romanization

[[Category:Persian orthography [[Category:Romanization of Arabic [[Category:Baháʼí orthography [[Category: [[Category: [[Category:

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