User:Profesor Duglas/Total number of countries in Africa

Africa

Total is unknown, At present there are 54 sovereign countries and around 90 countries, territories and republics not recognized by the UN. One needs to take into account the fact that some countries, are independent nations, and while they have geopolitical borders are protectorates or territories (for example the Islands of St. Helena, the Canary Islands etc.). Also certain parts of Africa has a tendency towards political instability (more so than other continents); this means that from time to time countries split, merge and are renamed - Some examples include: The Republic of South Sudan, Algeria, Angola Benin, Botswana and Burkina Faso.

Since colonialism, African states have frequently been hampered by instability, corruption, violence, and authoritarianism. The vast majority of African states are republics that operate under some form of the presidential system of rule. However, few of them have been able to sustain democratic governments on a permanent basis, and many have instead cycled through a series of coups, producing military dictatorships.

Great instability was mainly the result of marginalization of ethnic groups, and graft under these leaders. For political gain, many leaders fanned ethnic conflicts, some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule. In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.

Cold War conflicts between the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund, also played a role in instability. When a country became independent for the first time, it was often expected to align with one of the two superpowers. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while many in Central and Southern Africa were supported by the United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation, as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by funding insurgency movements. There was a major famine in Ethiopia, when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist/Soviet policies made the situation worse. The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the Second Congo War; this conflict and its aftermath has killed an estimated 5.5 million people. Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800 000 people were murdered. AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue.

In the 21st century, however, the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined. For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. This has coincided with many countries abandoning communist style command economies and opening up for market reforms. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China, which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies are among the world's fastest growing as of 2011. A significant part of this growth can also be attributed to the facilitated diffusion of information technologies and specifically the mobile telephone...

References

1. ^ Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph.D. Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918-1920

2. ^ http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=tPMUm0idWw8C&printsec=frontcover&hl=es#v=onepage&q&f=false

3. ^ Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921, capital: Goris, including: Syunik, Vayots Dzor and parts of modern-day NKR)

4. ^ Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913)

5. ^ Udo B. Barkmann, Geschichte der Mongolei, Bonn 1999, p380ff

6. ^ Phurbu Thinley (2008-11-12). "Tibet - Mongolia Treaty of 1913, a proof of Tibet’s independence: Interview with Prof. Elliot Sperling". Phayul.com. Retrieved 2008-11-13.

7. ^ Smith, Warren, "Tibetan Nation", p. 186: "The validity is often questioned, mainly on grounds of the authority of Dorjiev to negotiate on behalf of Tibet...the fact that Dorjiev was a Russian citizen while ethnically Tibetan somewhat compromises his role; the treaty had some advantages to Russia in that it could be interpreted as extending Russia's protectorate over Mongolia to encompass Tibet.

8. ^ Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914)

9.Jum ^ Goldstein, Melvyn C., A History of Modern Tibet, 1913-1951, University of California Press, 1989, pp812-813, saying: "After a lengthy discussion...the assembly recommended to the Dalai Lama that the agreement be approved. On 24 October, the Dalai Lama sent an official confirmation to Mao Tse-tung."

External links

• [African_Union]
• [List of cities in_Africa]
• [Urbanization in Africa]
• [List of unrecognized_countries]
• [List of historical unrecognized states]