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Wiki Edit 3: Religion in Odessa (Note: source 18 and 20 link to different places of the same video)[edit]

Odessa is long thought to be a multi-confessional and tolerant city.[1]: 213  As well as the prevailing Orthodoxy Christianity, Odessa is home to several protestant communities, and some Muslim communities.[2]: 17  The city is well-known for its rich Jewish history. However, Odessa is less religious than Ukraine's western regions, with only 30% of young people considering themselves religious in 1992.[3]

Christianity[edit]

Orthodoxy[edit]
The Transfiguration Cathedral in 1905

The Ukrainian Orthodox Church is the dominant religion in Odessa.[1]: 219  Orthodoxy was adopted after the city's founding in 1794. The first Archbishop-Metropolitan of Odessa was Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni, who consecrated the founding of Odessa and laid the first stones in the foundation of three churches. With the split of the Ekaterinoslavskaya Eparchy in 1837, Odessa became the center of the new Kherson-Taurida Eparchy. In 1991 it was renamed to the Eparchy of Odessa and Izmail.[4] By the mid-nineteenth century, there were 23 Orthodox churches built in Odessa.[5]: 136  In 1903, Odessa's Transfiguration Cathedral was redesigned, making it one of the largest in the Russian Empire.[6] However, Orthodoxy was comparatively weak in Odessa at the beginning of the 20th century, with little over half of the population identifying as Orthodox in 1914.[7] In 1917, the Orthodox church came under trial, and churches everywhere were closed.[4] By the 1980s, there were only three Orthodox churches and one monastery in the city. After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Orthodox community recovered. As of 2006, Odessa was home to over 30 churches and monasteries of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.[1]: 219 

Orthodoxy in Odessa[5]: 256 
Year Percent Orthodox
1873 64.79
1892 57.46
1897 55.93
Protestantism[edit]

An influx of German immigrants to the Black Sea shore in the late eighteenth century brought Lutheranism to Odessa. In 1824, Italian architect Francesco Boffo built the first Lutheran church.[5]: 136  These communities also suffered under Soviet rule. In 1992, Odessa became home the the central church of the Ukrainian episcopate of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ukraine.[8] Additionally, Odessa was home to the first Pentecostal community of Soviet Ukraine in 1921.[9]

Islam[edit]

Al-Salam Mosque and Arabic Cultural Center in Odessa, 2006

Odessa's Muslim population is around 30,000, comprised of both refugees and ethnic Tatars.[10]: 16 [1]: 215  Odessa was founded on Kocibey, an old Tatar settlement, that later became part of the Ottoman Empire before being cede to the Russian Empire.[11] Al-Salam Mosque and Arabian Cultural Center, founded by Syrian multimillionaire Adnan Kivan, is one of the few major mosques found in Odessa.[10]: 16  A Muslim Association in Odessa was established in 2011.[2]: 17 

Jewish History[edit]

Jewish history in Odessa begins as early as 1769, when the Russian Empire allowed Jews that were captured in the war with Turkey to settle in the southern steppe area.[12]: 20  By 1797, Jews made up ten percent of Odessa's population.[12]: 22  However, Jews in Odessa, were often less religious than elsewhere in the Russian Empire.[12]: 23  By 1821, Odessa experienced its first pogrom, perpetrated mainly by ethnic Greeks.[13] In 1826, the first successful modern Jewish school was opened in Odessa by Galician Jewish settlers.[12]: 19  The Odessa neighborhood of Moldavanka, famously described in Isaac Babel's "Odessa Tales", started to become a majority Jewish neighborhood around the mid 19th century.[10]: 13 [14] The city's second pogrom occurred in 1859, once again instigated by Greek inhabitants of the city.[15] In 1867, the Odessa branch of the Society for the Promotion of Enlightenment among the Jews of Russia was founded, which helped to energize and support the Jewish community.[16] In 1871, there was a another major pogrom in the city. Six people were killed and 21 injured.[16]: 76  Ten years later, in 1881, the assassination of Tsar Alexander II sparked another major pogrom.[17] By 1897, Odessa was over 30% Jewish.[18] The Jewish population in Moldavanka, especially, was hit again during the 1905 Odessa pogrom.[17] This pogrom was notably violent because of the resistance by local Jews.[19] After this pogrom, about 50,000 Jews decided to leave Odessa.[20]: 143  Despite this, by 1926, almost 40% of the city's population was Jewish.[20]: 144  A real challenge to the city's Jewish population came during the second World War. In 1941, Gheorghe Alexianu created the first Jewish ghetto in Odessa, and by 1942 began the deportation of Jews from the city. In the spring of 1944, the Soviets found only 48 Jews living in Odessa.[21] The Jewish population never fully recovered from this, and as of 2001, Jews made up about 1.2% of the city's population.[2]: 10 

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d Hann, C. M. (2006). The Postsocialist Religious Question: Faith and Power in Central Asia and East-Central Europe. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 9783825899042.
  2. ^ a b c Wood, Phil (July 1, 2017). "City of Odessa Intercultural Profile". Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  3. ^ Gee, Gretchen Knudson (1995). "Geography, Nationality, and Religion in Ukraine: A Research Note". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. 34 (3): 385. doi:10.2307/1386887. ISSN 0021-8294. JSTOR 1386887.
  4. ^ a b "Православная Одесса". eparhiya.od.ua. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  5. ^ a b c Herlihy, Patricia (1986). Odessa : a history, 1794-1914. Internet Archive. Cambridge, Mass. : Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
  6. ^ "Transfiguration Cathedral". worldwalk.info. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  7. ^ Sylvester, Roshanna P. (2016-08-18). "City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa". Journal of Urban History. 27 (2): 153. doi:10.1177/009614420102700201. PMID 18333319. S2CID 34219426.
  8. ^ "Lutheranism". risu.org.ua. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  9. ^ "Pentecostals". risu.org.ua. Retrieved 2019-05-30.
  10. ^ a b c Kozloff, Nikolas; writer, ContributorNew York-based political; photographer. (2017-03-31). "Black Sea Port of Odessa Reflects on Third Anniversary of Ethnic Strife". HuffPost. Retrieved 2019-06-02. {{cite web}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  11. ^ "The many faces of Turkish Odessa: Ecumenical communities and multiple alliances across the Black Sea". ResearchGate. p. 52. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  12. ^ a b c d Zipperstein, Steve J. (1982). "Jewish Enlightenment in Odessa: Cultural Characteristics, 1794-1871". Jewish Social Studies. 44 (1): 19–36. ISSN 0021-6704. JSTOR 4467153.
  13. ^ "Jewishgen Odessa KehilaLink - Anti-Semitism and Pogroms". kehilalinks.jewishgen.org. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  14. ^ "A Trip Into Odessa's Rich, Dark History". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  15. ^ "ODESSA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2019-06-02.
  16. ^ a b Horowitz, Brian (2013). "An Innovative Agent of an Alternative Jewish Politics". An Innovative Agent of an Alternative Jewish Politics: The Odessa Branch of the Society for the Promotion of Enlightenment among the Jews of Russia. Academic Studies Press. pp. 72–85. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsjzk.7. ISBN 9781936235612. JSTOR j.ctt1zxsjzk.7. Retrieved 2019-06-02. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b "The Story of the Jews, Over the Rainbow | Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company". search.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  18. ^ Sifneos, Evridiki (2006). "The Dark Side of the Moon: Rivalry and Riots for Shelter and OccupationBetween the Greek and Jewish Populations in Multi-ethnic Nineteenth-century Odessa". The Historical Review/La Revue Historique. 3: 193. doi:10.12681/hr.203. ISSN 1791-7603.
  19. ^ University of Michigan (2011-10-25), The End of Jewish Odessa, retrieved 2019-06-03
  20. ^ a b DUMITRU, DIANA (2011). "ATTITUDES TOWARDS JEWS IN ODESSA: From Soviet rule through Romanian occupation, 1921-1944". Cahiers du Monde russe. 52 (1): 133–162. ISSN 1252-6576. JSTOR 41708239.
  21. ^ University of Michigan (2011-10-25), The End of Jewish Odessa, retrieved 2019-06-04

Wiki Edit 2: Cuisine In Turin (italics indicates preexisting text)[edit]

Food has been an important factor in Turin's development and history and continues to gather importance in the economy today. After the decline of FIAT, Turin has been re-branding itself as a city centered around food and tourism.[1]: 6  By 2014, the cultural sector employed 6.6% of the province's workers and generates about 5.9% of local GDP.[2]: 15  Local food and wine is promoted mostly in terms of foreign tourism.[2]: 22  There are many local wines that have gathered prestige since the 1990s.[1]: 4  Starting in the mid-1980s, Piedmont has also benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement and Terra Madre, events that have highlighted the rich agricultural and vinicultural value of the Po Valley and northern Italy.

Turin is well known for its farmers markets. There around fifteen farmers markets in the city,[3] with Porta Palazzo being the biggest. Located on the edge of Turin's historical center, Porta Palazzo is older than most other farmers markets found in Italy and is the biggest open air market in Europe.[4]: 1 [5] It was established in its current location in 1834.[4]: 9 [6] Now it is home to a diverse set of cuisines, thanks to the many migrants that operate there.[6]

Additionally, Turin was a leading city in Futurist cuisine during the early twentieth century. The Taverna del Santopalato, which was the first solely futurist restaurant, was opened in 1931.[7]

One of the things the Turin is known for is chocolate. Chocolate was introduced to Turin some time in the sixteenth century.[8] In 1739, the corporation of confectioners and liqueur makers was founded in Turin.[8] By the eighteenth century, the discovery of solid chocolate and trade relations between the ruling House of Savoy and the Spanish court helped Turin to become an internationally recognized chocolate producer.[8][9] At this time, Turin's daily chocolate exports to Austria, Switzerland, Germany and France were over 750 pounds.[9] Turin is also known for a typical chocolate called gianduiotto, named after Gianduja, a local commedia dell'arte mask, which was first made in Turin by Michael Prochet and Isidore Caffarel.[10] Moreover, the city is also known for the so-called bicerin, a traditional hot drink made of espresso, drinking chocolate and whole milk served layered in a small rounded glass. More recently, the Piedmont region was home to the invention of Nutella.[9]

As for snack food, the now popular tramezzini were first served in a historic café of downtown Turin, namely Caffè Mulassano, where they were devised in 1925 as an alternative to English tea sandwiches.[60][61] In recent years, another trademark drink of the city is MoleCola, an Italian Coca-Cola that entered production in 2012 and quickly spread both in Italy and outside its native country.[62]

Local cuisine also features a particular type of pizza, so-called pizza al padellino or pizza al tegamino, which is basically a small-sized, thick-crust and deep-dish pizza typically served in several Turin pizza places.[63][64][65]

  1. ^ a b Vanolo, Alberto (2015-08-01). "The image of the creative city, eight years later: Turin, urban branding and the economic crisis taboo". Cities. 46: 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2015.04.004. hdl:2318/1523024. ISSN 0264-2751.
  2. ^ a b Colombino, Annalisa; Vanolo, Alberto (2017-01-02). "Turin and Lingotto: resilience, forgetting and the reinvention of place". European Planning Studies. 25 (1): 10–28. doi:10.1080/09654313.2016.1254598. hdl:10278/3750240. ISSN 0965-4313. S2CID 152081903.
  3. ^ Dansero, Egidio (October 2015). "Alternative food networks as spaces for the re‐territorialisation of food: the case of Turin" (PDF). International Aesop Sustainable Food Planning Conference Proceedings. 7: 558.
  4. ^ a b Black, Rachel Eden (2005-05-01). "The Porta Palazzo farmers' market: local food, regulations and changing traditions". Anthropology of Food (4). doi:10.4000/aof.157. ISSN 1609-9168.
  5. ^ Bottiglieri, Maria (2016). "Toward the Turin food policy" (PDF). FrancoAngeli.
  6. ^ a b Gasparetti, Fedora (2012-07-01). "Eating tie bou jenn in Turin: Negotiating Differences and Building Community Among Senegalese Migrants in Italy". Food and Foodways. 20 (3–4): 257–278. doi:10.1080/07409710.2012.715976. ISSN 0740-9710. S2CID 144540475.
  7. ^ Berghaus, Günter (2001/02). "The Futurist Banquet: Nouvelle Cuisine or Performance Art?". New Theatre Quarterly. 17 (1): 12. doi:10.1017/S0266464X00014287. ISSN 1474-0613. S2CID 190734696. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ a b c Sargiacomo, Massimo; D'Amico, Luciano; Pietra, Roberto Di (2016-03-02). Accounting and Food: Some Italian Experiences. Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 9781317228431.
  9. ^ a b c Kummer, Corby (2006-02-15). "In Turin, Chocolate's the Champion". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-05-07.
  10. ^ Verna, Roberto (December 2013). "The history and science of chocolate" (PDF). The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 35 (2): 114. PMID 24362474.


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