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I propose that the Amsterdam page has a subcategory under Economy called Urban Waterscapes.

Amsterdam

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Economy

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Urban Waterscapes

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Eastern dockland community project development.[1]

Amsterdam has a complex history with its waterscapes; the most noteworthy moments of Amsterdam's water history are the periods of demolition, reconstruction, and transition.[2][3] The relationship with Amsterdam’s culture and its waterscapes shapes political conversations, ecological identities, legal definitions, policy changes, and technological innovations.[2] Water is a legal, economic material with symbolic attributes that effect the culture of the shoreline community.[2] Water is a stage to stimulate economic and political advancement of the local people, while engaging with their culture and capital.[4] The plurality of water mobilizes a range of social causes, including turning water-logged land into shoreline property and multi-purpose land.[5]

Westpoort includes the port of Amsterdam and is a big business park towards the west of Amsterdam.[6]
Amsterdam's waterways are primarily used for leisure pursuits.[7]

As early as Roman times, the people who lived in that section of Europe created rudimentary devices to defend against floods and incoming tides.[8] There are barriers protecting land from rising water levels because 40 percent of Amsterdam is below sea level.[9] Around the 15th century wind turbines were introduced to drain low-level and water entrenched lands.[2] These newly excavated lands are called polders and exist in many places throughout the Netherlands.[10] Creating polders requires intense planning, professional construction, skilled cooperative effort, and expert administration.[11]

Creating polders also requires technological competence and continual maintenance of the reclaimed land.[12] Political advancements such as regulations, governing boards, and financiers to ensure polders are effective are keystone elements.[13] Polder landowners are called Waterschappen in some areas and Heemraadschappen in others.[2] Polder landowners have their own self-governance and democracy programs in place, such as Polder Commissioners called Hoogheemraadschappen.[2] Amsterdam's city council been analytically exploring how professional planners develop systems to overcome current challenges.[14]

Wind turbines have been used to pump excess water from property in the past and now remain as attractions to bring in tourism business.[15] The typical Dutch landscape showcases areas of drained land enclosed by networks of dikes and canals. Leisure pursuits on the water have grown as industrial use has declined. The industrial shift to postindustrial functions empowered entrepreneurs and civil agents to open many cruise vessels out of Amsterdam’s waterways.[16][17] The residents of Amsterdam are naturalized to the identity symbolism of the water, as they use their relative geographical location to the canals and rivers to take note of their surroundings by relative proximity.

Amsterdam's city council project 30,000 new jobs for city residents as new offshore wind farms emerge.[18] New technological advancements use water as a stage to harness wind energy, propelling the Netherlands towards the future. By the year 2030, the Dutch city council project double revenue increases in the wind industry due to the offshore geographical location.[18] As always, the waterscapes in Amsterdam are ever-changing and transitioning toward advancement and bringing on a wind of change for the people of Holland.[19]

References

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  1. ^ Banziger, Wood (26 October 2018). "Bicycle Path Along the Sumatrakade". Buurtbalie. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Kinder, Kimberley (2015). Politics of Urban Water: Changing Waterscapes in Amsterdam. University of Georgia Press. pp. 139–147. ISBN 9780820348360.
  3. ^ Pas, Eva (2019). "Oostelijk Havengebied". City of Amsterdam. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  4. ^ "Policy: Port of Amsterdam". City of Amsterdam. 2019. Retrieved 3 June 2019.
  5. ^ Infobase, Films on Demand: film distributor, & BBC. (2017). Amsterdam (Secret Cities). BBC, May 2018. Retrieved: 6 June 2019.
  6. ^ "Westpoort". Municipality of Amsterdam. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  7. ^ Zapp, Melissa. "Amsterdam Canals for Siarra Orange." 10 June 2019.
  8. ^ Ristow, Walter W. (1974). Dutch Polder Maps. The Quarterly Journal of the Library of Congress. pp. 134–149.
  9. ^ Van der Veen, Cornelis (1985). "The Amsterdam Water Supply". American Water Works Association. vol. 77, no. 6: Water an International Perspective: 32–45 – via JSTOR. {{cite journal}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  10. ^ van Dijck, Jose (2017). The Dutch Polder Model in Science and Research. Amsterdam: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences; Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-94-629-881-63.
  11. ^ Shorto, Russell (2013). Amsterdam. Great Britian: Little, Brown Book Group. pp. 24–55. ISBN 978-0-349-00002-2.
  12. ^ "2019 Area Plan for Eastern Docklands". Buurtbalie. 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  13. ^ Verhoeven, Ganna; de Vries. "Mijn OHG - the BuurtBalie". Buurtcoöperatie Oostelijk Havengebied. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  14. ^ Lissandrello, Enza; Grin (11 August 2011). "Reflexive Planning as Design and Work: Lessons from the Port of Amsterdam". Planning Theory & Practice. 12 (2): 223–248. doi:10.1080/14649357.2011.580156. S2CID 145405332 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  15. ^ Clark, Peter (2009). European Cities and Towns 400-2000. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225–330. ISBN 978-0-19-870054-8.
  16. ^ "Holland America Line's Nieuw Statendam makes maiden call in Amsterdam". Port of Amsterdam. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
  17. ^ "Amsterdam port area to be graced with new 'Royal' presence". Port of Amsterdam. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Cooperation is crucial to offshore wind farms". Port of Amsterdam. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  19. ^ "IGES-Port of Amsterdam wins prestigious Sustainability Challenge Award". Port of Amsterdam. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2019.



Milan

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Language

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The language spoken most in Milan is Italian. Italian is based on 14th century Tuscan language and originally used only for literary purposes.[1][2] Italian is considered a "romance language."[3] There are also many regional languages spoken throughout Milan that are often incorrectly called "dialects."[4] Milanese regional language is spoken by the 2,000,000 residents of Western Lombard and surrounding areas.[4] Milanese is considered the most prestigious of the 12-15 non-recognized regional languages by speakers of Italian.[4] Lombardy is another regional language used in Milan. Within the city of Milan, 30 percent of residents speak Milanese.[4] The number of speakers who understand the regional language of Milanese, is endangered and is declining each year.

Milan is administrative center of the Lombardy region.[4] Milan is the 2nd largest city in Italy, with 1,300,000 residents or close to 4 million residents if you include the "Greater Milan."[4] It's the main economic and industrial hub of the area; furthermore, Italy is the 3rd largest economy in the Euro-zone.[5][6] Immigrant workers and people who migrate to Milan have added more non-recognized regional languages, especially in the last several years.[7][8] Most of these languages are not limited to Italian influence, but to French influences as well as many others.[9][6] Milanese is not protected or recognized by law, which accounts for the dwindling number of speakers.[10]

References

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  1. ^ Colombo, M (Spring 2012). "Italian as a Language of Communication in Nineteenth Century Italy and Abroad". American Association of Teachers of Italian.
  2. ^ Tylus, Jane (Jan 2010). "Reflections of an Italianist". Romanic Review: 101–105.
  3. ^ Harris, Martin (1988). The Romance Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 30–45. ISBN 9780195208290.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Coluzzi, P (2009). "The Italian Linguistic Landscape: The Cases of Milan and Udine". International Journal of Multilingualism. 6 (3): 298–312. doi:10.1080/14790710902935930. S2CID 144028021.
  5. ^ Ramachandran, Ayesha (July 2013). "Montaigne's Tasso: Madness, Melancholy and the Enigma of Italy". Forum Italicum. 47 (2): 246–262. doi:10.1177/0014585813484242. S2CID 198725648.
  6. ^ a b "Italy". CIA World Factbook.
  7. ^ Bouchard, Norma (2010). "Reading the Discourse of Multicultural Italy: Promises and Challenges of Transnational Italy In an Era of Global Migration". Italian Culture. 28 (2): 104–120. doi:10.1179/016146210X12790095563066. S2CID 144580490.
  8. ^ Vanoli, A (July 2013). "The Muslim World and the Italian Identity". Forum Italicum. doi:10.1177/0014585813485096. S2CID 146842716.
  9. ^ Metatron. "8 Italian Accents" (Document). {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |access-date= and |url= (help); Unknown parameter |website= ignored (help)
  10. ^ Visconti, J (March 2009). "Speech Acts in Legal Language". Journal of Pragmatics. 41: 393–400. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.06.007.


Brussels

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Economy

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Brussels Airlines Airbus A319 landing at Brussels Airport in Zaventem

Air

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Brussels air travel is catered by the two main airports of Belgium.[1][2] All airports are located outside of the administrative territory of the region.[3] The most notable are:

References

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  1. ^ "Brussels Airports". www.brussels.info. Retrieved 2019-04-19.
  2. ^ Clark, Peter (2009). European Cities and Towns 400-2000. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 240–262. ISBN 9780198700548.
  3. ^ a b Steves, Rick. "Belgium: Bruges and Brussels". www.smithsonianmag.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
  4. ^ Lagneaux, Frédéric; Kupfer, Franziska (2009). "Economic Importance of Air Transport and Airport Activities in Belgium". EconStor.
  5. ^ "Brussels Airport". Brussels Airport (in Dutch and English). Retrieved 2019-04-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ "Brussels South Charleroi Airport". www.brussels-charleroi-airport.com. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
  7. ^ "Melsbroek Brussels Airport". Brussels Airport Website. Retrieved 2019-04-21.
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