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Rough Outline for Silent Mutation Article[edit]

I. Introduction[edit]

A. Definition

B. Background or History

C. Current Information

1. New scientific research or discoveries

II. Silent mutations Role in Degeneracy of the Genetic Code[edit]

III. Structural Consequences of Silent Mutations[edit]

A. Primary Structure

B. Secondary Structure

C. Teritary Structure

D. Quaternary Structure

IV. Silent Mutations and Disease[edit]

A. Psychological Disorders

B. Other Disorders or Diseases

V.Biotechnology Advancements Using Silent Mutations[edit]

VI. References and External Links[edit]

Tbrownc1 (talk) 02:36, 14 March 2013 (UTC)

Silent Mutation References from Unit 5[edit]

Sauna ZE, Kimchi-Sarfaty C. Understanding the contribution of synonymous mutations to human disease. Nat Rev Genet. 2011 Aug 31;12(10):683-91. doi: 10.1038/nrg3051. Review. PMID 21878961

changes in protein expression, conformation and function
genetic variants in disease
genome-wide association studies

Czech A, Fedyunin I, Zhang G, Ignatova Z. Silent mutations in sight: co-variations in tRNA abundance as a key to unravel consequences of silent mutations. Mol Biosyst. 2010 Oct;6(10):1767-72. doi: 10.1039/c004796c. Epub 2010 Jul 9. Review. PMID 20617253

synonymous substitutions and phenotypic variability
splicing accuracy
translation fidelity
protein conformation and function
tRNA isoacceptors

Additional References for Article[edit]

Spencer PS, Siller E, Anderson JF, Barral JM. Silent substitutions predictably alter translation elongation rates and protein folding efficiencies. J Mol Biol. 2012 Sep 21;422(3):328-35. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.06.010. Epub 2012 Jun 12. PMID 22705285

codons translated at different speeds
codon correlation with protein structure and folding
degenerate genetic code

Castle JC. SNPs occur in regions with less genomic sequence conservation. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20660. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020660. Epub 2011 Jun 6. PMID 21674007

SNPs
genomic sequence conservation
SNPs at different codon positions

References already used for article[edit]

Note: The following references are already listed and used for the stub article but may yield further useful details with further mining

1)Alberts (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland. pp. 264.

2)Komar (2006) SNPs, Silent But Not Invisible

3)Beckman (2006)The Sound of a Silent Mutation

4)Chao HK, Hsiao KJ, Su TS (2001). "A silent mutation induces exon skipping in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene in phenylketonuria". Hum Genet 108 (1): 14–9. doi:10.1007/s004390000435. PMID 11214902.

5)Montera M, Piaggio F, Marchese C, Gismondi V, Stella A, Resta N, Varesco L, Guanti G, Mareni C (2001). "A silent mutation in exon 14 of the APC gene is associated with exon skipping in a FAP family". J Med Genet 38 (12): 863–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.12.863. PMC 1734788. PMID 11768390. Full text

6)Chava Kimchi-Sarfaty, Jung Mi Oh, In-Wha Kim, Zuben E. Sauna, Anna Maria Calcagno, Suresh V. Ambudkar, Michael M. Gottesman (2007). "A "Silent" Polymorphism in the MDR1 Gene Changes Substrate Specificity". Science 315 (5811): 525–528. doi:10.1126/science.1135308. PMID 17185560. Abstract Summary Full Text

7)Chamary, J. V., and Laurence D. Hurst. "The price of silent mutations." Scientific American June 2009: 46-53. Print.

Potential Article Images[edit]

I found the image at the website below which I think nicely illustrates the concept of what a silent mutation is in relation to primary sequence and amino acid sequence.

http://bio1151b.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch17/mutation_silent.html

Inline Citation Brief Paragraph Practice[edit]

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of aging that affects the cognitive ability of the brain.^[1] Amyloid plaques and tangles caused by hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain are known to be the main cause of this neurodegenerative disease. Immunotherapy using antibodies that are against amyloid beta is studied for therapy of Alzheimer's disease.^[2] Certain antibodies are known to reduce some symptoms of the disease. Primary causes of Alzheimer's are still being studied by researchers.

References:

^ Ly S, Altman R, Petrlova J; et al. (February 2013). "Binding of apolipoprotein E inhibits the oligomer growth of amyloid beta in solution as determined by fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy". J. Biol. Chem. 288 (17): 11628–11635. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.411900. PMC 3636854. PMID 23430745. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Dalgediene I, Lasickiene R, Budvytyte R; et al. (February 2013). "Immunogenic properties of amyloid beta oligomers". J. Biomed. Sci. 20 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1423-0127-20-10. PMC 3599114. PMID 23432787. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

Summary of Characteristics of Target Article[edit]

A quality article includes an abundance of sources and factual information. All information provided must be referenced correctly and the use of a reliable source such as journals and textbooks should be noted. A user can check to see if the Wikipedia article guidelines are being followed by reading Wikipedia's article grades. A good article contains no type plagarism of any kind. Good article's material is well organized and structured, making it easy for readers to follow the information. The article should contain images that are relevant to the topic of choice and that have appropriate copyright licenses.

The Five Pillars of Wikipedia[edit]

1. Wikipedia is defined as an encyclopedia

2. Wikipedia articles are not based off of a person's thoughts or opinions of a given topic. All material covered by Wikipedia is from a neutral standpoint. Any post that are thought to be opinionated will be removed for the site.

3. Anyone is allowed to create, edit, and distribute content on Wikipedia. Copyright laws must be followed and plagarism of other sources will not be tolerated.

4.Editors should interact with each other in a respectful and civil manner.^[1]

5 Be free when creating and editing articles but be sure to follow basic Wikipedia guidelines. Information can always been edited if a mistake is found.

References:

^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars

[1] Ly S, Altman R, Petrlova J; et al. (February 2013). "Binding of apolipoprotein E inhibits the oligomer growth of amyloid beta in solution as determined by fluorescence cross correlation spectroscopy". J. Biol. Chem. 288 (17): 11628–11635. doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.411900. PMC 3636854. PMID 23430745. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[2] Dalgediene I, Lasickiene R, Budvytyte R; et al. (February 2013). "Immunogenic properties of amyloid beta oligomers". J. Biomed. Sci. 20 (1): 10. doi:10.1186/1423-0127-20-10. PMC 3599114. PMID 23432787. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[3] ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars

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