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Indonesian People's Movement Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Abbreviation | Gerindo |
| Founded | 24 May 1937 |
| Dissolved | 20 March 1942 |
| Preceded by | Partindo |
| Ideology | |
| Political position | Left-wing |
| National affiliation | Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI) |
The Indonesian People's Movement (Indonesian: Gerakan Rakyat Indonesia), better known as Gerindo, was a left-wing and nationalist political party in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) which existed from 1937 to 1942. It had modest goals and was largely cooperative to the colonial administration. More strongly anti-fascist than anti-colonialist, the party sought to support the colonial government in opposing fascism, especially Japanese fascism.
Founded as the successor to Partindo, the party's leaders were mainly left-wing nationalists who aspired to socialist ideals. Though more radical than its conservative counterpart, the Great Indonesia Party, Gerindo was tolerated by the colonial administration, becoming the only legal organization for radical nationalism. In 1939, Gerindo joined several other parties in forming the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI), an umbrella organization of various different nationalist groups which called for Indonesian self-determination and an elected parliament. Following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, the party's activities were severely curtailed and it, alongside GAPI, was dissolved in the wake of the invasion of the colony by the Empire of Japan in 1942.
History
[edit]Background
[edit]In 1931, Bonifacius Cornelis de Jonge became governor-general of the Dutch East Indies. As governor-general, he took a more hardline approach to radical anti-colonialism than his predecessor.[1] A year into his tenure, the colonial administration announced an ordinance which required permission from the authorities before any private school could be established.[2] The ordinance prompted a national outcry from every significant Indonesian organization and de Jonge subsequently suspended it in 1933. However, the government now perceived a dangerous potential for united action among the Indonesian movements. Its concern was increased following a brief mutiny of Dutch and Indonesian sailors aboard the HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën that same year. In response, de Jonge, who attributed the mutiny to nationalist political agitation, arrested and exiled non-cooperative nationalist leaders, including Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, and Sutan Sjahrir as part of a clampdown, leaving their organizations leaderless.[1][3] This included Sukarno's Indonesia Party (Partindo), which ceased most of its activities following his arrest.[4]
By 1934, radical anti-colonialism on the basis of non-cooperation was effectively dead, replaced in favor of cooperation with the Dutch.[3] In 1936, several moderate members of the Volksraad, the semi-legislative body of the colony, introduced the Soetardjo Petition. Written by Soetardjo Kartohadikusumo, the petition called for the organization of a conference to discuss autonomy for the Dutch East Indies within a Dutch-Indonesian union over a period of ten years.[5][6] It was passed in the Volksraad by 26–20, thanks to the votes of the Indo Europeesch Verbond, the largest European party in the body.[7] However, the proposal was met with apathy by the nationalist movement who were skeptical that it could succeed.[8] The colonial government also reacted negatively to the petition which, according to historian George McTurnan Kahin, was "a sobering dash of cold water" in the faces of moderate Indonesians who believed that co-operation with the Dutch would be a sure path towards self-governance.[9]
Founding
[edit]
The government's negative reaction to the Soetardjo petition and the growing threat of fascism led a number of left-wing nationalists to form Gerindo on 24 May 1937. Founded as the successor to Partindo, Gerindo's membership largely consisted of former Partindo members and those who had grown disillusioned with the more conservative parties.[4][9][11] The principal leaders of the new party included the likes of Amir Sjarifuddin, Sartono, Mohammad Yamin, A. K. Gani, Sanusi Pane, and Wikana.[9][12][13] Following its establishment, Gerindo grew rapidly and it became the "powerful left-wing of the nationalist movement."[9] In spite of it's more radical position compared to the more conservative Great Indonesia Party (Parindra), which it opposed,[11] Gerindo was tolerated by the colonial government, becoming the only legal organization for radical nationalists, including supporters of the banned Indonesian Communist Party. However, the resulting disparity of views within the party led to tensions between the more moderate and the more radical leftist members.[14]
Ideology
[edit]"As a left-wing party, the Gerindo was internationally oriented. It believed that the liberation of Indonesia would largely depend on the international situation, and it allowed the members to cooperate with the colonial authorities on the grounds that the threat of Fascism was greater than that of colonialism."
Gerindo was a left-wing party.[15] Its founding members were mainly left-wing nationalists who aspired to socialist ideals for the future of the colony.[13]
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Legge 1988, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Ricklefs 2001, p. 238.
- ^ a b Ricklefs 2001, p. 239.
- ^ a b Ingleson 1979, p. 229.
- ^ Abeyasekere 1973, p. 82.
- ^ Ricklefs 2001, p. 240.
- ^ Abeyasekere 1973, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Abeyasekere 1973, p. 97.
- ^ a b c d Kahin 1952, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Gie 2005, p. 43.
- ^ a b Cribb & Kahin 2004, p. 157.
- ^ Suryadinata 1971, p. 88.
- ^ a b Yamamoto 2011, p. 459.
- ^ Legge 1988, pp. 116–118.
- ^ a b Suryadinata 1971, p. 92.
Sources
[edit]- Abeyasekere, Susan (April 1973). "The Soetardjo Petition". Indonesia. 15 (15): 81–107. doi:10.2307/3350793. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350793.
- Anom, Erman (September 2013). "Regulasi dan Kebijakan Media Cetak di Indonesia Masa Zaman Penjajah" [Print Media Regulations and Policies in Indonesia During the Colonial Period]. Komunikologi (in Indonesian). 10 (2): 73–79. eISSN 2528-3243.
- Cribb, Robert; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810849358.
- Fachreza, Dhanar (2021). "Pergerakan Fasisme dan Nasionalis-Sosialis di Pulau Jawa Tahun 1933–1945" [Movement of Fascism and Nationalist-Socialist in Java Island in 1933–1945]. Avatara. 10 (3): 1–10. eISSN 2354-5569.
- Frederick, William H. (October 1982). "Rhoma Irama and the Dangdut Style: Aspects of Contemporary Indonesian Popular Culture". Indonesia. 34 (34): 103–130. doi:10.2307/3350952. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350952.
- Gie, Soe Hok (2005). Orang-orang di Persimpangan Kiri Jalan: Kisah Pemberontakan Madiun 1948 [People at the Crossroads of the Left: The Story of the 1948 Madiun Rebellion] (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Bentang Pustaka. ISBN 9789793062624.
- Ingleson, John (1979). Road to Exile: The Indonesian Nationalist Movement, 1927–1934. Singapore: Heineman Educational Books. ISBN 9780708103104.
- Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 9780801491085.
- Kattenburg, Paul (September 1946). "Political Alignments in Indonesia". Far Eastern Survey. 15 (19): 289–294. doi:10.2307/3022724. ISSN 0362-8949. JSTOR 3022724.
- Legge, J. D. (1988). Intellectuals and Nationalism in Indonesia: A Study of the Following Recruited by Sutan Sjahrir in Occupation Jakarta. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0877630348.
- Pringgodigdo, A. K. (1984). Sejarah Pergerakan Rakyat Indonesia [History of Indonesian Popular Movements] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Dian Rakyat.
- Ricklefs, M. C. (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1200. Basingstoke: Palgrave. ISBN 9780804744805.
- Scherer, Savitri (October 1977). "Soetomo and Trade Unionism". Indonesia. 24 (24): 27–38. doi:10.2307/3350917. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350917.
- Suryadinata, Leo (April 1971). "Pre-War Indonesian Nationalism and the Peranakan Chinese". Indonesia. 11 (11): 83–94. doi:10.2307/3350745. ISSN 0019-7289. JSTOR 3350745.
- Touwen-Bouwsma, Elly (March 1996). "The Indonesian Nationalists and the Japanese "Liberation" of Indonesia: Visions and Reactions". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 27 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1017/S002246340001064X. ISSN 0022-4634. JSTOR 20071754.
- Yamamoto, Nobuto (2011). Print Power And Censorship In Colonial Indonesia, 1914–1942 (PhD). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University. hdl:1813/33591.
- Yolanda, Maretha; Hartati, Umi (2021). "Perkembangan Gabungan Politik Indonesia (GAPI) pada Masa Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia 1939–1942" [Development of the Indonesian Political Federation (GAPI) during the Indonesian National Movement 1939–1942]. Swarnadwipa (in Indonesian). 5 (1): 10–16. eISSN 2580-7315.