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Effect of somnolence on electroencephalography[edit]

In healthy subjects, electroencephalography (EEG) shows distinct characteristics correlated to the level of somnolence experienced by a subject^[1]. To better measure these changes, and thus the level of somnolence, a common approach is to analyze the low frequency band (for example delta, alpha and theta waves) of the electroencephalographic signal. EEG frequency analysis is a standard approach that can provide insights into sleep and waking brain activity.^[2] While being in a drowsy state, the EEG shows higher slow frequency activity than compared to a rested waking condition. These changes may be used to track the somnolence state of a subject using only a handful of electrodes applied on the scalp and paired with an EEG recorder. For example, this very same technique has been used during long haul flights in aviation pilots^[3] to objectively measure their somnolence during the flight. Similar approaches are used also for car drivers somnolence detection.

^ Marzano, Cristina; Fratello, Fabiana; Moroni, Fabio; Concetta Pellicciari, Maria; Curcio, Giuseppe; Ferrara, Michele; Ferlazzo, Fabio; De Gennaro, Luigi (2007). "Slow Eye Movements and Subjective Estimates of Sleepiness Predict EEG Power Changes During Sleep Deprivation". Sleep. 30 (5): 610–616. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.5.610. ISSN 1550-9109.
^ Prerau, Michael J.; Brown, Ritchie E.; Bianchi, Matt T.; Ellenbogen, Jeffrey M.; Purdon, Patrick L. (2017). "Sleep Neurophysiological Dynamics Through the Lens of Multitaper Spectral Analysis". Physiology. 32 (1): 60–92. doi:10.1152/physiol.00062.2015. ISSN 1548-9213.
^ Sauvet, F.; Bougard, C.; Coroenne, M.; Lely, L.; Van Beers, P.; Elbaz, M.; Guillard, M.; Leger, D.; Chennaoui, M. (2014). "In-Flight Automatic Detection of Vigilance States Using a Single EEG Channel". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 61 (12): 2840–2847. doi:10.1109/TBME.2014.2331189. ISSN 0018-9294.

[MarzanoFratello2007-1] Marzano, Cristina; Fratello, Fabiana; Moroni, Fabio; Concetta Pellicciari, Maria; Curcio, Giuseppe; Ferrara, Michele; Ferlazzo, Fabio; De Gennaro, Luigi (2007). "Slow Eye Movements and Subjective Estimates of Sleepiness Predict EEG Power Changes During Sleep Deprivation". Sleep. 30 (5): 610–616. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.5.610. ISSN 1550-9109.

[PrerauBrown2017-2] Prerau, Michael J.; Brown, Ritchie E.; Bianchi, Matt T.; Ellenbogen, Jeffrey M.; Purdon, Patrick L. (2017). "Sleep Neurophysiological Dynamics Through the Lens of Multitaper Spectral Analysis". Physiology. 32 (1): 60–92. doi:10.1152/physiol.00062.2015. ISSN 1548-9213.

[SauvetBougard2014-3] Sauvet, F.; Bougard, C.; Coroenne, M.; Lely, L.; Van Beers, P.; Elbaz, M.; Guillard, M.; Leger, D.; Chennaoui, M. (2014). "In-Flight Automatic Detection of Vigilance States Using a Single EEG Channel". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 61 (12): 2840–2847. doi:10.1109/TBME.2014.2331189. ISSN 0018-9294.

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