User:Train8wreck3/Talorchestia longicornis
| Talorchestia longicornis | |
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| Superfamily: | Talitroidea
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| Species: | T. longicornis
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| Binomial name | |
| Talorchestia longicornis | |
The supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis is a substratum modifying, semi-terrestrial sandhopper, commonly known as a sandflea [2]. "T. longicornis" inhabits sandy estuarine and coastal beaches along the East coast of North America from Newfoundland to northern Florida Cite error: There are <ref> tags on this page without content in them (see the help page)..
It rests in burrows during the day in the supratidal zone at or above the high tide line, where it rests during the day and [3]. T. longicornis has a well documented biological rhythm- it rests in its burrows during the day and is active on the substrate at night. can be notedare found and burrows at or above the and is most often found in high densities along estuarine shorelines Talitrid Group III substratum-modifying (fossorial), semi-terrestrial sandhopper [4] [5]. This sandhopper, also known as a sandflea, inhabits sandy beaches along the East Coast of North America and is most often found in high densities along estuarine shorelines [6] [7]. T. longicornis rests in its burrow during the day and emerges immediately after sunset to actively forage on the substrate at night [8]. Although this amphipod feeds primarily on algae and washed-up plankton, it is an accomplished scavenger and eats almost anything containing organic matter [9]. This sandhopper evolved from fully-aquatic amphipods and has been forced faced evolved from the fully aquatic life on land is a derived trait for T, it has evolved complex behaviors, extraordinary physiology, and distinct morphology to enable its survival in the harsh supratidal environment[10]. These adaptations make T. longicornis a common subject of scientific research conducted by the Forward lab.
Description
[edit]T. longicornis retains the ancestral dorso-ventrally flattened body shape, though it is a relatively large amphipod when compared to the rest of the Gammaridea. Adult males can reach body lengths of 31 mm, although the average size is about ~21 mm. Males are slightly larger than females, and can be distinguished by significantly longer antennae, which can be up to 1.5x their body length. Males can be distinguished from females by their significantly longer antennae, which can be up to 1.5x their body length. The body has a waxy texture, and appears "white", "cream", or "sand" in color. Adult males range from 13-31mm in body length and 0.15-0.61g in total weight, whereas adult females range from are slightly smaller It is dorso-ventrally flattened, characteristic of exhibits themoves by saltating (or hopping). This bouncing form of locomotion is used in a predator avoidance reaction. It is done by rapidly extending their pleopods. They most frequently move by grawling. last uropods face forward. Males are observed to be larger than females, and can be distinguished by their significantly longer antennae.
size shape color The closely resemble tolor megapluma and t saltator, traskiana, ugolinii, others
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Sketch of T. longicornis (by T. Hauck) -
Largest T. longicornis specimen was a female weighing 0.65g
Taxonomic History
[edit]The present systematization of the T. longicornis is made according to Bousfield's 1984 phylogenetic method and is consistent with the ecological characteristics proposed by Spicer et al chadheres to the a member of the family Talitridae. The Talitridae evolved from the fully-aquatic amphipods that have evolved to live life on land. The phylogenetic-systematic method proposed by Bousfield groups the Talitrids by their degree of adaptation to life on land. The Talitrid Group III sandhoppers are characterized by incomplete adaptation to life on land and retain bimodal respiration capabilities. The amphipod places them into the which have evolved from the aquatic gammaridea amphipods. Group III sandhoppers include tolor megapluma and t saltator, traskiana, ugolinii, others. their evolution has been shaped by the constant threat of dessication Their physiology, behavior, ecology, and habitat are consistent with those of the Group III substratum-modifying, semi terrestrial, and fossorial sandhoppers, as was proposed in the phylogenetic-systematic method by Bousfield in 1984. These characteristics include complex behaviors, bimodal respiration, semi=terrestrial life spicer It has descended frm fully marine As talitrids live on land this is a derived characteristic Bousfield (1984) proposed T. longicornis as a member of the Group III sandhoppers. presumable to exploit the resource of this harsh barren environment
Distribution and Habitat
[edit]T. longicornis makes its home in the supratidal zone of sandy beaches. It is particularly fond of calm estuarine shorelines and often lives in high densities in these locations, although it also persist on exposed, coastal beaches. also lives on They are found on the East Coast of North America (Northwest Atlantic seaboard), from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Northern Florida (WoRMS).
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A typical habitat of T. longicornis located in Adam's Creek, North Carolina, USA (a tributary of the Neuse River Estuary).
Life Cycle
[edit]importance to nutrient recycling
Ecology
[edit]The ecology of T. longicornis has been a subject of numerous investigations funded by NSF and conducted by the Forward Lab at the Duke University Marine Laboratory. The complex behaviors and physiology of T. longicornis make it an excellent model for research.
Behavior
[edit]T. longicornis readily eats Kimwipes for sustenance in captivity, and protein is supplemented by fish flakes.t. longicornis emerges from burrows immediately after dusk to actively forage on the substrate at night. They are active at night and rest in their burrows during the day. They demonstrate complex behaviors and have an endogenous circadian rhythym. complex behaviors The have an endogenous circadian rhythym entrain by light and temperature, with temperature dominant to light (Forward, 2009). They demonstrate complex behaviors, compared to normal amphipods.
Physiology
[edit]Bimodal respiration
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T. longicornis foraging on a fallen tree stump at Pine Cliff, North Carolina, USA, along the Neuse River Estuary.
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T. longicornis captured in a pitfall trap.
References
[edit]- ^ WoRMS, 2010. Talorchestia longicornis Say, 1818. In: Lowry, J. (2010) World Amphipoda database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158151 on 2010-11-30
- ^ Ramus, A.P., Forward Jr., R.B., 2012. The physiological ecology of the supratidal amphipod "Talorchestia longicornis". Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A 161:159-165.
- ^ Forward RB, Freeman E, Gall K, and K Saba. Seasonal changes in entrainment cues for the circadian rhythm of the supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis. Marine and Freshwater Behavior and Physiology. Vol. 43, No. 5, October 2010, 305-319.
- ^ Bousfield EL. 1984. Recent advances in the systematics and biogeography of landhoppers (Amphipoda: Talitridae) of the Indo-Pacific region. In Biogeography of the tropical Pacific. Bernice P Bishop Mus spec Publ 72:171-210.
- ^ Spicer JI, Moore PG, Taylor AC. 1987. The physiological ecology of the land invasion by the Talitridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Proc R Soc Lond B 232(1266):95-124.
- ^ WoRMS (2010). Talorchestia longicornis Say, 1818. In: Lowry, J. (2010) World Amphipoda database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=158151 on 2010-11-30
- ^ Ramus, A. 2010. Personal contact.
- ^ Forward RB, Wyatt L, Clifford D, Barbour A. 2007. Endogenous rhythm in activity of an estuarine amphipod, Talorchestia longicornis. Mar Fresh Behav Physiol 40(2):133-140.
- ^ Ramus, A. 2010. Personal contact.
- ^ Spicer JI, Moore PG, Taylor AC. 1987. The physiological ecology of the land invasion by the Talitridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Proc R Soc Lond B 232(1266):95-124.
Borgioli C, Marchetti GM, Scapini F. 1999. Variation in zonal recovery in four Talitrus saltator populations from different coastlines: a comparison of orientation in the field and in an experimental arena. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 45:79-85. Bousfield EL. 1970. Adaptive radiation in sand-burrowing amphipod crustaceans. Chesapeake Science 11(3):143-154. Bousfield EL. 1973. Shallow-water gammaridean amphipoda of New England. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Bousfield EL. 1982. The amphipod superfamily Talitroidea in the north-eastern Pacific region. 1. Family Talitridae; systematics and distributional ecology. Publ Biol Oceanogr Nat Mus Can 11:1-73. Bousfield EL. 1984. Recent advances in the systematics and biogeography of landhoppers (Amphipoda: Talitridae) of the Indo-Pacific region. In Biogeography of the tropical Pacific. Bernice P Bishop Mus spec Publ 72:171-210. Brenner D, Valiela I, van Raalte CD, Carpenter EJ. 1976. Grazing by Talorchestia longicornis on an algal mat in a New England salt marsh. J Exp Mar Bio Ecol 22:161-169. Bridges CR, Brand AR. 1980. Oxygen consumption and oxygen-independence in marine crustaceans. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 2:133-141. Calosi P, Morritt D, Chelazzi G, Ugolini A. 2007. Physiological capacity and environmental tolerance in two sandhopper species with contrasting geographical ranges: Talitrus saltator and Talorchestia ugolini. Mar Biol 151:1647-1655. Einarson S. 1993. Effects of temperature, seawater osmolality, and season on oxygen consumption and osmoregulation of the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus. Mar Biol 117:599-606. Forward RB, Wyatt L, Clifford D, Barbour A. 2007. Endogenous rhythm in activity of an estuarine amphipod, Talorchestia longicornis. Mar Fresh Behav Physiol 40(2):133-140. Forward RB, Bourla MH, Lessios NN, Cohen JH. 2009. Orientation to shorelines by the supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis: wavelength specific behavior during sun compass orientation. J Exp Mar Ecol 376:102-109. Forward RB, Bourla MH, Darnell MZ, Cohen JH. 2009. Entrainment of the circadian rhythm of the supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis by light and temperature: mechanisms of detection and hierarchical organization. Mar Fresh Behav Physiol 42(4):233-247. Koch, H. 1991. Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation of Traskorchestia traskiana (Stimpson, 1857) (Amphipoda, Talitridae). Crustaceana 61(1):21-37. Moore PG, Francis CH. 1986. On the water relations and osmoregulation of the beach-hopper Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) (Crustacea: Amphipoda). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 94:131-150. Morritt D. 1988. Osmoregulation in littoral and terrestrial talitroidean amphipods (Crustacea) from Britain. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 123:77-94. Morritt D. 1989. Ionic regulation in littoral and terrestrial amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 132:53-67. Morritt D, Spicer JI. 1998. The physiological ecology of talitrid amphipods: an update. Can J Zool 76:1965-1982. Newell RC. 1969. Effect of fluctuations in temperature on the metabolism of intertidal invertebrates. Amer Zoologist 9:293-307. Newell RC. 1973. Factors affecting respiration of intertidal invertebrates. Amer Zool 13:513-528. Rao KP, Bullock TH. 1954. Q10 as a function of size and habitat temperature in poikilotherms. The American Naturalist 88(838):33-44. Smallwood ME. 1903. The beach flea: Talorchestia longicornis. Cold Spring Harbor Monographs. Brooklyn, New York: The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. Spicer JI, Moore PG, Taylor AC. 1987. The physiological ecology of the land invasion by the Talitridae (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Proc R Soc Lond B 232(1266):95-124. Spicer JI, Taylor, AC. 1987. Ionic regulation and salinity related changes in the haemolymph protein in the semi-terrestrial beachflea Orchestia gammarellus (Pallas) (Crustaea: Amphipoda). Comp Biochem Physiol 88A(2)243-246. Truchot JP. 1990. Respiratory and ionic regulation in invertebrates exposed to both water and air. Annu Rev Physiol 52:61-74. Tsubokura T, Goshima S, Nakao S. 1997. Seasonal horizontal and vertical distribution patterns of the supralittoral amphipod Trinorchestia trinitatis in relation to environmental variables. J Crust Biol 17(4):674-686. Walsh ME, Bourla MH, Sabella CM, Forward, RB. 2010. Hierarchy of sun, beach slope, and landmarks as cues for Y-axis orientation of the supratidal amphipod Talorchestia longicornis (Say). Mar Fresh Behav Physiol 43(3):203-220. Williams JA. 1995. Burrow-zone distribution of the supralittoral amphipod Talitrus saltator on Derbyhaven Beach, Isle of Man: A possible mechanism for regulating dessication stress? J Crust Biol 15(3):466-475.