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Matthias Eisele Ole Berg

History

Ban on women‘s football by the DFB

When the German male national football team won the football World Cup in 1954, the debate concerning women`s football arose again.

In 1955 the German Football Association (DFB) decided during a conference to prohibit women`s football. It was reasoned that “… this kind of fighting sport is basically against women`s nature.” “.. body and soul will definitely be harmed.” “.. the physical presentation of the body will infringe on decency and grace.” Additionally, the DFB in his reasoning argued that this sport would have a harming influence on women, including a negative impact on their parity.

On 30 july 1955, there was an incident when the Lower-Rhine football association forced to vacate the sports field during a match between DFC Duisburg-Hamborn and Gruga Essen. After the World Championship in 1954 there were a lot of women`s football teams, especially in the Ruhr area. Lots of matches were played during this time resulting in Fortuna Dortmund being the best team.
In 1956 an unofficial international match was played between a German and a Dutch representative team which ended 2:1 with the German team winning.

Even with the above mentioned ban on women`s football and the following confirmation on 16 November 1957 the DFB did not achieve the aim to ban women`s football at all. Despite the ban there were 70 international matches up to 1963. First the merchant Willi Ruppert founded the West German Women`s Football Association in 1956, and even claimed the title of the German Women`s Football Association in the following year.

The first international match of this association achieved a number of 18,000 visitors in the Mathias-Stinnes stadium on 23 September 1956, when the German team played against the Dutch team. The next took place in Munich on 17 March 1957 in the Dante stadium versus the West-Netherlands. During this time women`s football was acknowledged by business people who wanted to make money out of the freely available term “National Team”.

The German Women`s Football Foundation was established in 1958 and, under the management of Josef Floritz, organized around 150 unofficial international matches until 1965. The German “National Player” Christa Kleinhans insists on the athletic value of these matches: “ It all that had been so ridiculous we would have never been allowed to play a second or even a third time in some cities.”

"Jüdischer Familienname" von Amit Siovitz http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_surname

Historisch verwendeten Juden hebräische patronymische Namen. Im jüdischen patronymischen System folgt dem Vorname entweder ben oder bat („Sohn des“ oder „Tochter des“), mit dem Name des Vaters dazu (Bar, „Sohn des“ auf Aramäisch, kommt auch vor). Permanente Familiennamen existieren heute auch, aber gewannen an Popularität unter den sephardischen Juden in Iberia und darüber hinaus bereits im 10. oder 11. Jahrhundert und verbreiteten sich zu aschkenzischen Juden Deutschlands oder Ost Europas nicht bis zum 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, wo die Übernahme deutscher Familiennamen als Bedingung für Emanzipation Obwohl aschkenzische Juden europäische oder moderne-hebräische Familiennamen heutzutage benützen, wird die Hebräisch patronymische Form in jüdischer Religion und Kultur immer noch verwendet.

Sephardische und aschkenzische Juden:

Familiennamen waren den Juden des Mittelalter nicht fremd, und als die Juden begannen, mit ihren Landesleuten mehr in Kontakt zu kommen, stieg die Praxis der Übernahme bürgerlicher Namen als Zusatz zum „geistlichen“ Name, der nur in der Religion zum Gebrauch kam, rasch an. Unter den Sephardim war diese Praxis üblich lang bevor dem Exil aus Spanien (Alhambra-Edikt), und wurden wahrscheinlich umso mehr üblich den Conversos zufolge, welche bei derer Konvertierung zum Christentum die Familiennamen ihrer Taufpaten. Unter den Aschkenazim, derer Ausgrenzung von der etablierten Mehrheit der Gesellschaft ihrer jeweiligen Länder umfassender war, begann der Gebrauch von Familiennamen in meisten Ländern nur im Laufe des 18. Jahrhunderts üblich zu sein.

Under the management of Josef Floritz the German Women`s Football Foundation was established in 1958 and organized around 150 unofficial international matches until 1965. The German “National Player” Christa Kleinhans insists on the athletic value of these matches: “ It all that had been so ridiculous we would have never been allowed to play a second or even a third time in some cities.”

Salary There is a financial inequality between men’s football and women’s football which is the result of the discrepancy of acceptance (?). In Germany, the male football players received a bonus of 35,900 Euros ($ 45,015 / £ 28,871 ) per person for their victory of the World Cup in 1974 whereas the female football players received a coffee set for their victory of the European Championship in 1989.

Bonus und prize money from the DFB (German Football Association) for victories in the World Cup in Euros Year 1974 1990 1995 2002 2003 2006 2007 2010 2011 Women - - 6.000 - ~15.000 - 50.000 - 60.000 Men 35.900 64.000 - 92.000 - 300.000 - 250.000 -

How one can see in the list above, the German professional male football players receive, when winning the World Cup, the multiple amount of money that female World Cup winners receive. The salary of the German female national team is much lower than the salary of the German male national team. As well as male football players the biggest amount of the salary of female football players consists of advertising contracts. According to estimations of SPIEGEL online, in 2010, the female striker Birgit Prinz earned 130,000 Euros whereas Bastian Schweinsteiger earned more than the hundredth of her salary. This difference is the result of lower commercial income which is the reason why television rights are traded with (?) lower prizes. In addition, the lower popularity of female football players leads to the fact that advertising contracts are rarer and less profitable. Melanie, Magdalena

Competitions

German Championship

→ Main Article: Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft (Frauen)

The most important competition is the Bundesliga which was founded in 1990 and consisted of twenty teams divided into two groups. The Bundesliga was reduced to a single league of twelve teams in 1997. Ever since the UEFA Women’s Cup started in 2001, the German champion has qualified for the competition. (The UEFA Women’s Cup was re-named in 2009 as the UEFA Women’s Champions League.) The two lowest placed teams are relegated into the 2. Bundesliga (Second League) which was founded in 2004. The Second League contains 24 teams which are divided into two groups. In contrast to the men’s Second League, the second placed teams of the women’s league also have a chance to be promoted into the Bundesliga. Below the 2. Bundesliga there are five regional leagues. The structure of the German professional football leagues is as follows:

[[File:Stufe Liga 1 Bundesliga 12 Vereine ↑↓ 2 Vereine 2 2. Bundesliga Nord 12 Vereine 2. Bundesliga Süd 12 Vereine ↑↓ 2–3 Vereine (Relegation) ↑↓ 2–3 Vereine (Relegation) 3 Regionalliga Nord 12 Vereine Regionalliga Nordost 12 Vereine Regionalliga West 14 Vereine Regionalliga Südwest 12 Vereine Regionalliga Süd 10 Vereine ↑↓ 2 Vereine ↑↓ 3 Vereine ↑↓ 4 Vereine ↑↓ 2 Vereine ↑↓ 3 Vereine 4 Niedersachsenliga Ost Niedersachsenliga West Verbandsliga Bremen Verbandsliga Hamburg Verbandsliga Schleswig-Holstein Landesliga Sachsen Landesliga Thüringen Verbandsliga Berlin Verbandsliga Brandenburg Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt Verbandsliga Mittelrhein Verbandsliga Niederrhein Verbandsliga Westfalen Verbandsliga Rheinland Verbandsliga Saarland Verbandsliga Südwest Bayernliga Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Oberliga Hessen]]

(Julia and Viktoriya)

(Anja & Svenja) Until 2009 the final match traditionally took place at the “Olympiastadion” (“Olympia Stadium”) in Berlin immediately before the men’s final but from 2010 on women’s soccer has got its own venue for the final match which is located in Cologne. Since the mid-nineties the German TV channels ARD and ZDF do have the rights to broadcast the finals live. Having won 7 DFB cup finals 1. FFC Frankfurt is currently leading the ranking list.

DFB Indoor-Cup

The DFB Women’s Indoor Cup took place in 1994 for the first time. Between 2000 and 2008 the tournament with all 12 teams of the “Bundesliga” (“German Soccer League”) participating was located in Bonn but moved to Magdeburg in 2009 because the old site was getting too small. In contrast to the DFB Men’s Indoor Cup, which was abandoned in 2001, the popularity of the Women’s Indoor Cup is still raising and therefore it is sold out every year. Again 1. FFC Frankfurt is the front runner of the DFB Indoor Cup with 6 tournament victories. In 2011, the year of the UEFA World Cup, the Indoor Cup was skipped due to temporal reasons.

"The 1970s in West Germany: A new beginning and German Championship"

At the end of the 1960s, women’s soccer teams established themselves within other teams of the DFB in West Germany. On October 31st, 1970, the DFB repealed the ban on women’s soccer during the DFB conference in Travemünde. However, several conditions were imposed: all women’s teams needed to take a mandatory six months winter break due to their “weaker nature” in comparison to men, cleats were forbidden and the soccer balls were smaller and lighter. A match lasted 70 minutes until it was eventually extended to 80 minutes. In 1970, Wim Thoelke welcomed the players of the inofficial German national women’s soccer team on his sports TV show: Doris Reeder, Veronika Kutter, Sonja Spielberger and Marliese Emig. The show showcased the lack of understanding concerning women’s soccer at the time. Host Thoelke joked during one of his commentaries: “Mark up, mark up – not makeup” (originally "Decken, decken - nicht Tisch decken"; playing on women's traditional role as housewives). Local leagues started emerging rapidly. In 1971, the first champion of the soccer association was determined in Berlin, Tennis Borussia Berlin. Other associations in Germany quickly followed. In 1973, the first inofficial championship took place. Bayern München defeated TuS Wörstadt in the final match (3:1). It was inofficial because not all associations had determined a champion. (Valeria Benner, Olivia Marschall)

Women’s Football in the 1980s: International matches and the major breakthrough

(by Sarah & Andreas)

In 1981, a German cup winner’s trophy was contested for the first time. Until 2009, the final match took place immediately before the men’s final. This was an opportunity to promote the women’s game to the whole football community. By defeating TuS Wörrestadt 5-0, SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach was the first women’s team to win the cup.

The first official match of the national women’s team took place in Koblenz on November 10th 1982. The German squad, whose coach was Gero Bisanz, beat Switzerland 5-1. The first goal was scored by Doris Kresimon. Her team mate Silvia Neid, then 18, contributed another two goals. More than 20 years later, Neid herself became the coach of the women’s national team. Despite this first success, the German squad did not succeed in qualifying for the first two European Championships (1984 and 1987).

Regarding clubs at a national level, Rhineland and Hesse became strongholds of women’s football: in the mid-eighties KBC Duisburg and FSV Frankfurt along with SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach have joined the top teams. At the same time, a variance in performance could be observed between the various local football leagues (Verbandsliga) as well as among the teams in the respective leagues. The top clubs mentioned before, for example, did not face major challenges in their local leagues. Other teams could not compete at the national level while they easily won in their local leagues. In order to raise the performance level, the West-German football association established the Regionalliga West in 1985, which was the first regional league to include all the different local leagues. One year later, Northern Germany followed this model by creating the Oberliga Nord. But it was not until 1986 that the DFB (German Football Association) decided to establish a national football league (Bundesliga) for women. However, several years passed until this league was finally put into reality.

In 1988, the German national team qualified for the European Championships for the first time. The DFB successfully applied to host the final match in 1989. In the semi-final, Germany beat Italy on penalties. This was the first women’s football match to be broadcasted live on German television. On July 2nd 1989, more than 23,000 spectators watched the final match against Norway in the stadium of Osnabrück, which was completely sold out. Although the Norwegian squad was the hot favourite to win the title, the German team defeated them 4-1. This victory marked the great breakthrough for women’s football in Germany, which at that time was still not taken seriously: as a win bonus, every player was given a coffee set.

Clubs

The clubs operating a female football team can roughly be divided into three groups.

First, there are sport associations in which the female football department exists alongside other disciplines. Up to the 1990s these clubs were mainly founded in small cities or even villages. An example of this is the TuS Niederkirchen (winner of the German national championship of 1993), which was founded in a municipality with 2,000 inhabitants. In the last years many of these clubs relegated to lower divisions as they could not keep up in terms of their athletic ability and financial potential. Nowadays, these sport clubs are based in larger cities, as the SG Essen- Schönebeck or the VfL Sindelfingen.

The second big group contains clubs that are especially famous for their male football team. In the running season of the Bundesliga, the professional association football league in Germany, there are four clubs (Hamburger SV, Bayern München, VfL Wolfsburg and Bayern 04 Leverkusen) whose female and male teams play in the 1. Bundesliga. Besides, well-known names as the SC Freiburg, the 1.FC Köln, the SV Werder Bremen or the 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig can be found in the first and the second league. Most of these clubs subsidize their female teams but in some cases the teams have to finance themselves. In general, the female football departments have their own web page.

At the end of the 1990s, the third big group containing pure female football clubs arose. The opener was the FFC Heike Rheine, which was based on the female football department of the FC Eintracht Rheine. In many cases the place mentioned in the club´s name was also changed. So the district club FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen became the FCR 2001 Duisburg or the SG Praunheim was named 1. FFC Frankfurt. By gaining independence and changing the place name, the clubs try to appear more sophisticated and aim at new marketing possibilities. An exception to this rule is the FFC Brauweiler Pulheim 2000, which was only tolerated in its club despite the fact that it was quite successful as Grün-Weiß Brauweiler.

The German club being the most successful is the 1. FFC Frankfurt, which has 23 national and international titles. (Maura Engelhard, Friederike Schulz)

Horben by Marie and Claudia

Geography

Horben is situated on a plateau south of Freiburg and east of the Hexental valley. The plateau is located on the western hillside of the Schauinsland Mountain between the “Illenberg” (642 m = 2,106 ft) and the “Eduardshöhe” (859 m = 2,818 ft). The streams „Bohrer“-Bach (named after medieval artisans who built wooden water lines) and Selzenbach have their sources in Horben.

The headwaters of these streams and the respective valleys are part of the communal district of Horben, which drops to an altitude of 400 m (1,312 ft) above sea level from there. Horben offers a panoramic view of the Schauinsland Mountain, the Schönberg Mountain (Ebringen), the Rhine plain, the Kaiserstuhl Mountain (Baden), the Vosges and the city of Freiburg.

The character of Horben’s countryside is mostly shaped by typical Black Forest farms. Therefore, it has become a local heritage site. Residential areas are being developed in parts of the village due to its proximity to the city of Freiburg.

Modern history

In 1582, the city of Freiburg purchased most of the sovereign rights over Horben. The oldest known Dorfordnung, a set of rules and traditions, dates back to 1586. Until today, Horben has successfully been fighting the incorporation into the city of Freiburg. However, it could not prevent the city from gaining sovereignty over the eastern flank of the Bohrer valley, which was rich in forests and ore. Several miners, who worked in the mines of the Schauinsland Mountain, lived in Horben. The forest of the Bohrer valley were used in part as pastures by the inhabitants of Horben, which led to disputes with the city of Freiburg, who owned the forest. Moreover, the Horber Mountain was looted completely by a band of soldiers passing through during the Thirty Years' War. It is said that in 1645 there was no cattle left in Horbern. In order to recultivate the area, the city of Freiburg set up new farms in the Bohrer valley. These, however, only lasted until the middle of the 19th century. Emperor Joseph II abolished mandatory socage in 1784.

Horben

History

Middle Ages Peter & Johannes The first settlers of the present-day location of Horben probably came from the village of Merzhausen. The district Horben originally belonged to the Wittenau parish church taxing district, which itself belonged to the territory of the Abbey of St. Gallen. In the early 12th century, a house of free nobles occurred in Breisgauer records. They called themselves “Herren von Horwen”(lords of horwen) and had close ties to the Abbey of St. Gallen. Before founding the Kyburg and the monastery of Günterstal at the other side of the Bohrertal, they had supposedly owned a castle on the Horber Berg (name established in 14th century). In 1265 the “Villa Horven” is mentioned as place of issue for a certificate. Owner respectively holder of sovereign rights in Horben, as successor in title of the Zähringer, were the counts of Freiburg, as well as the families of Munzingen, the lords of Falkenstein, the Snewlin, the Sickingen, the lords of the countship of Pfirt and the Neveu. Economically the mining and logging at the Schauinsland played an important role. In the Bohrertal one practiced timber rafting and the craft of “Deichelbohrerei” (creating wooden water pipes). In 1525 Horben consisted of 24 scattered farmsteads, three widowhouses and one orphanage.

Fiona, Frances & Tarryn

Twentieth Century

At the end of the 1900s the village character of Horben remained untouched but at the turn of the 20th Century the first new buildings appeared. The valley of Bohrertal belonged to the district of Horben where the start of the Schauinsland Rennen (a motorsport race) was located from 1925; the race later started from Großmatte and then Friedrichshof.The building of the cable car station in 1930 in the district of Horben, a time at which the Schauinsland summit belonged to Horben, led to another unsuccessful attempt by the city of Freiburg to incorporate Horben within its boundaries.

According to Bertha Buttenmüller, during World War II all four school classes were taught in one classroom and all horses were drafted into the war effort. As a way of substitution for the lack of tractors in Horben, oxen, young bulls and even cows were brought in. At the time many potatoes were grown in the area. Prisoners of war helped and the townspeople became involved in agriculture, sometimes without the support of the farmers. In contrast to the devastating bombardment of Freiburg, there was only one bombing in the area stretching from Au, through Luisenhöhe as far as the Bohrertal, however it didn’t cause much damage. After the war, French occupying troops looted and plundered the houses of Horben. Refugees made the village their second home.

With growing prosperity, people moved out of Freiburg and into the villages of Horben, Bohrer and Langackern, where large new developments blended into the landscape.

Politics

Horben belongs to the Hexental constituency.

Municipal council

Local elections on 7th June 2009 had a turnout of 72.7% with the following results:

Party Votes Cast Percentage Seats Christian Democratic Union 2282 41.52 4 Free Voting Union 1373 24.98 3 Independent Citizen Forum 851 15.48 1 Together for Horben 990 18.01 2

Culture and Sights

The Catholic parish church of St. Agatha’s stands in the centre of the village. It was constructed in 1792 on the exposed edge of the Bohrertal as the village became a single parish for the first time under the reforms of Kaiser Joseph II.

[Edit] The profession of the “Konditor“ by Lisa-Maria and Stefanie

[Edit]Job description

A Konditor (pl.: Konditoren) is a craftsperson who specializes in making pastries. His job is to make different types of cakes, pies and ice cream as well as to create tea cakes, chocolates, hollow chocolate figures, Danish pastries, confectionery and candied fruits. Making decoration out of marzipan, chocolate and sugar is as well a specialty of the Konditor. The profession often overlaps with the job profile of a baker: some Konditoren are also bakers at the same time. When Maria-Theresia (ruler of Austria, Hungary and other countries) authorized the first guild of confectioners in Innsbruck the profession confectioner was re-named into Konditor. In Switzerland there is the designation “Konditor-Confiseur” describing a craftsperson specializing in producing sweet pastries and specialties made of sugar or chocolate.

Magdalena Fischer and Andrea Moormann-Schmitz

Apprenticeship and further Training

Germany

description of picture: Examples of pastries made for an apprentice exam

Similar to baker’s work, confectioner’s work requires a 3-year apprenticeship, at the end of which they obtain a certificate. After the participation in a 3 to 12 month preparation course, the confectioner can become a master craftsman before the official German chamber of crafts. The length of this course depends on which school they attend and which federal state they live in. The certificate received thereby enables confectioners to run their own confectionery shop and train their own apprentices. Vocational schools offer inter-company instruction courses focusing on more specific areas such as patisserie or the production of ice cream, which not every training company has the capacity for. After having acquired a master craftsman certificate, graduates qualify to study certain subjects within the food sector at university.

"Jüdischer Familienname" von Amit Siovitz http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_surname

Historisch verwendeten Juden hebräische patronymische Namen. Im jüdischen patronymischen System folgt dem Vorname entweder ben oder bat („Sohn des“ oder „Tochter des“), mit dem Name des Vaters dazu (Bar, „Sohn des“ auf Aramäisch, kommt auch vor). Permanente Familiennamen existieren heute auch, aber gewannen an Popularität unter den sephardischen Juden in Iberia und darüber hinaus bereits im 10. oder 11. Jahrhundert und verbreiteten sich zu aschkenzischen Juden Deutschlands oder Ost Europas nicht bis zum 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, wo die Übernahme deutscher Familiennamen als Bedingung für Emanzipation Obwohl aschkenzische Juden europäische oder moderne-hebräische Familiennamen heutzutage benützen, wird die Hebräisch patronymische Form in jüdischer Religion und Kultur immer noch verwendet.

Sephardische und aschkenzische Juden:

Familiennamen waren den Juden des Mittelalter nicht fremd, und als die Juden begannen, mit ihren Landesleuten mehr in Kontakt zu kommen, stieg die Praxis der Übernahme bürgerlicher Namen als Zusatz zum „geistlichen“ Name, der nur in der Religion zum Gebrauch kam, rasch an. Unter den Sephardim war diese Praxis üblich lang bevor dem Exil aus Spanien (Alhambra-Edikt), und wurden wahrscheinlich umso mehr üblich den Conversos zufolge, welche bei derer Konvertierung zum Christentum die Familiennamen ihrer Taufpaten. Unter den Aschkenazim, derer Ausgrenzung von der etablierten Mehrheit der Gesellschaft ihrer jeweiligen Länder umfassender war, begann der Gebrauch von Familiennamen in meisten Ländern nur im Laufe des 18. Jahrhunderts üblich zu sein.