User:VictoriaGrayson/sandbox/HinduismLead

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Hinduism is an Indian Dharma, or a way of life,[note 1] widely practiced in South Asia. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world,[note 2] and some practitioners and scholars refer to it as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal tradition", or the "eternal way", beyond human history.[4][5] Scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion[note 3] or synthesis[6][note 4] of various Indian cultures and traditions,[7][note 5] with diverse roots[8][note 6] and no founder.[9] This "Hindu synthesis" started to develop between 500 BCE and 300 CE,[10] following the Vedic period (1500 BCE to 500 BCE).[10][11]

Although Hinduism contains a broad range of philosophies, it is linked by shared concepts, recognisable rituals, cosmology, shared textual resources, and pilgrimage to sacred sites. Sources of authority and eternal truths in its texts play an important role, but there is also a strong Hindu tradition of questioning authority in order to deepen the understanding of these truths and to further develop the tradition.[12] Hindu texts are classified into Śruti ("heard"), Smriti ("remembered") and Tantra. Sruti encompasses the Vedas, the basis of Śrauta practice. The Smriti texts repurpose Vedic mantras for use in pujas of murtis.[13] Smriti also includes the Puranas, Ramayana, Mahabharata and Bhagavad Gita. Starting in the early centuries of common era, newly revealed Tantras centering on Vishnu, Shiva or the Goddess, emerged.[14] As Tantra permeated Hinduism it provided the groundwork for icons, puja and temple building.[15][16]

Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life, namely Dharma (ethics/duties), Artha (prosperity/work), Kama (desires/passions) and Moksha (liberation/freedom/salvation);[17][18] karma (action, intent and consequences), Saṃsāra (cycle of rebirth), and the various Yogas (paths or practices to attain moksha).[19][20] Hindu practices include rituals such as puja (worship) and recitations, meditation, family-oriented rites of passage, annual festivals, and occasional pilgrimages. Some Hindus leave their social world and material possessions, then engage in lifelong Sannyasa (monastic practices) to achieve Moksha.[21] Hinduism prescribes the eternal duties, such as honesty, refraining from injuring living beings (ahimsa), patience, forbearance, self-restraint, and compassion, among others.[web 1][22] The four largest denominations of Hinduism are the Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism.[23]

Hinduism is the world's third largest religion; its followers, known as Hindus, number about 1.15 billion, or 15–16% of the global population.[web 2][24] Hindus form the majority of the population in India, Nepal and Mauritius. Significant Hindu communities are also found in the Caribbean, Africa, North America, and other countries.[25][26]


Cite error: There are <ref group=note> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=note}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ Kurien, Prema (2006). "Multiculturalism and American Religion: The Case of Hindu Indian Americans". Social Forces. 85 (2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 723–741. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0015.
  2. ^ FL Bakker (1997). "Balinese Hinduism and the Indonesian State: Recent Developments". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Deel 153, 1ste Afl. Brill: 15–41. JSTOR 27864809.
  3. ^ Noble, Allen (1998). "South Asian Sacred Places". Journal of Cultural Geography. 17 (2). Routledge: 1–3. doi:10.1080/08873639809478317.
  4. ^ Knott 1998, pp. 5, Quote: "Many describe Hinduism as sanatana dharma, the eternal tradition or religion. This refers to the idea that its origins lie beyond human history".
  5. ^ Bowker 2000; Harvey 2001, p. xiii;
  6. ^ Samuel 2010, p. 193.
  7. ^ Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 12; Flood 1996, p. 16; Lockard 2007, p. 50
  8. ^ Narayanan 2009, p. 11.
  9. ^ Fowler 1997, pp. 1, 7.
  10. ^ a b Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 12.
  11. ^ Larson 2009.
  12. ^ Frazier, Jessica (2011). The Continuum companion to Hindu studies. London: Continuum. pp. 1–15. ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0.
  13. ^ Buhnemann, Gudrun, Puja: A Study in Smarta Ritual, Publications of the De Nobili Research Library, Gerold & Co., Vienna, 1988. pg. 67-69.
  14. ^ Flood 2006, p. 7-8.
  15. ^ Padoux, Andre (2013). The Heart of the Yogini. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2. "The Hindu worship, the pūjā, for instance, is Tantric in its conception and ritual process, the principles of Hindu temple building and iconography are Tantric, and so on."
  16. ^ Flood 2006, p. 53,73-75,79,81-3,99,132-3,177.
  17. ^ Bilimoria; et al., eds. (2007). Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges. p. 103. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |editor-last= (help) See also Koller, John (1968). "Puruṣārtha as Human Aims". Philosophy East and West. 18 (4): 315–319. doi:10.2307/1398408. JSTOR 1398408.
  18. ^ Flood, Gavin (1997). "The Meaning and Context of the Puruṣārthas". In Lipner, Julius J. (ed.). The Bhagavadgītā for Our Times. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–27. ISBN 978-0195650396.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Brodd 2003.
  21. ^ Herbert Ellinger (1996). Hinduism. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-56338-161-4.
  22. ^ Dharma, Samanya; Kane, P. V. History of Dharmasastra. Vol. 2. pp. 4–5. See also Widgery, Alban (1930). "The Priniciples of Hindu Ethics". International Journal of Ethics. 40 (2): 232–245. doi:10.1086/intejethi.40.2.2377977.
  23. ^ Julius J. Lipner (2009), Hindus: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-45677-7, pages 377, 398
  24. ^ "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. January 2015. Retrieved 2015-05-29.
  25. ^ Steven Vertovec (2013). The Hindu Diaspora: Comparative Patterns. Routledge. pp. 1–4, 7–8, 63–64, 87–88, 141–143. ISBN 978-1-136-36705-2.
  26. ^ "Hindus". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.;
    "Table: Religious Composition by Country, in Numbers (2010)". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2015.


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