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User:Wapisiw/Beverly Smith

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Beverly Smith (born November 16, 1946) in Cleveland, Ohio is a Black Feminist and Black women's healthcare advocate, writer, academic, theorist, and activist. Beverly Smith is an instructor of Women's Health at the University of Massachusetts Boston. She is best known for her involvement with penning the Combahee River Collective Statement, "one of the most widely read discussions of Black feminism."


Beverly Smith has a twin sister, Barbara Smith, who is similarly involved in the Black feminist movement.

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Early Life[edit]

Childhood[edit]

Beverly Smith was the second born twin on November 16, 1946 in Cleveland Ohio to Hilda Beall Smith.[1] Her father, Gartrell Smith was not present during her childhood.[1] Both twins were both prematurely and Beverly suffered from pneumonia. Smith first lived in a two-bedroom house with her sister, mother, grandmother, and great-aunt.[2] At the age of six, the twins and their family moved into a two-family house with her aunt and her aunt's husband.[3]

Smith was raised in a full home that included her mother, grandmother, her aunt, and periodically, her aunt's husband.[4] Growing up, her mother worked as a supermarket clerk, and Smith's grandmother became the twins primary caretaker.[1] On October 16, 1956, Hilda passed away after being hospitalized for several months as a result of heart complications that originated from childhood rheumatic fever.[1] Education was highly valued by the women in her family. Smith's mother had a Bachelor's of Science in Education from Fort Valley State University.[1] While Hilda Beall Smith was the only family member to receive a university education, Smith's other family members worked as teachers.[1] In her writings, Beverly notes that religion and education "were twin pillars" in her home as she grew up.[5]

Education[edit]

Beverly Smith attended Bolton Elementary School before transferring to Robert Fulton Elementary school, Alexander Hamilton Jr. High School and John Adams High School.[1] Smith graduated high school in January 1965.[1] Following her graduation, Smith enrolled at University of Chicago later that year.[6]

Beverly Smith received her undergraduate degree from the University of Chicago[6], and went on to get a Masters of Public Health from Yale University and a Masters of Human Development and Psychology from Harvard Graduate School of Education.

The death of Beverly's mother was the motivator for her to pursue public health in university, with a focus on Black women's health.[7]

Early Activism[edit]

Smith became politically active when she was in high school and was involved in Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).[8] At the time of her involvement with CORE, de facto segregation was a big issue with the school systems and her early activism involved picking the school board and school boycotts.[8] On the day of one of the boycotts, Beverly and her sister attended one at a church nearby and read the Riot Act.[8] After graduating high school, Beverly became more involved with CORE with her sister and the two of them participated in canvassing. [1] Smith met Fannie Lou Hamer at a party after a rally in Cleveland. Smith was also involved with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1967.[9]

While attending the University of Chicago, Smith formed a support group with other Black students where they would talk about racism on campus.[10] In her second year, Smith fell out of activism because the popularity of Black nationalism and Black separatism.[10] In her third year, a friend of Barbara's transferred to the University of Chicago and invited Smith to a women's liberation meeting, where she became involved in political movements once again.[11] While at university, Beverly Smith attended the speeches of Stokely Carmichael and Martin Luther King Jr..[12]

Religion[edit]

In her writings, Beverly notes that religion and education "were twin pillars" in her home as she grew up.[13] She was raised in the Baptist Church and attended Antioch Baptist Church, one of the oldest African American churches in Cleveland.[1][14] Beverly is a member of the First Parish of Watertown, a Unitarian Universalist church since 2014.[15]

Career[edit]

In 1973, Smith moved to New York City and became a writer for Ms. (magazine).[16] Through networking at the National Black Feminist Organization conference in 1973, Smith met a woman who helped her land a job at the New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation doing research.[17] During her Masters program, Smith worked various placements in health centres in Boston.[17] After receiving her Masters in Public Health from Yale University in 1976, Smith worked at Boston City Hospital in women's health, focusing on contraceptive counselling.[18] Smith has worked at Floating Hospital for Children.[19]

Activism[edit]

Feminism[edit]

While living in New York City, Beverly Smith became involved with organizations such as National Organization for Women and National Black Feminist Organization.[20] She began attended NOW meetings in 1973 but soon stopped going as their focus was on white middle- and upper-class struggles.[21] It was at the NBFO conference where Smith was able to relate to other Black women's experiences and called the conferenced "revelatory."[21]

Smith credits her early career in women's health as influential to her feminist work.[18] When working as a contraceptive counsellor at Boston City Hospital, Beverly Smith was exposed to the state of women's healthcare and she then maintained a working relationship with a feminist health center in the area.[18] Smith attended conferences speaking on Black and Third World women's health.[22] She also worked with the Boston Committee on ending sterilization abuse. [22] Beverly Smith was heavily involved in Black women's health advocation, emphasizing the effect of racism and sexism on the Black woman's body.[23] Much of her work focuses on reproductive health, diseases, mental health, Black women as health workers, sexuality, and violence against Black women and children.

Combahee River Collective[edit]

The early stages of Combahee River Collective began in 1975 while Smith was living in Boston for her work placements at Boston City Hospital with her sister, Beverly Smith, and Demita Frazier.[17] The collective began as the Boston chapter of the NFBO, but in 1975 became independent as a result of different political goals.[1]

Beverly Smith, Barbara Smith, and Demita Frazier began writing the statement after they were asked by Barbara's friend, Zillah Eisenstein.[24] The three women had been involved enough with various women's movements to understand that those movements were not addressing racism. The intersections of race, class and gender were critical to the collective when penning the statement.[24] Smith attributes a portion of the development of Black feminism on the statement.[25]

The politics of the collective were situated in anti-racism, classism, homophobia, and heteronormativity.[26] Smith and her group saw that Black feminism had the logics to combat the oppression of all women of colour.[26] The collective was also involved in advocating for abortion rights, and combatting sterilization abuse and domestic violence.[27] The CRC emphasized the importance of solidarity amongst Black women for liberation.[28]

Legacy[edit]

The Combahee River Collective Statement has had lasting impacts on Black Feminism and feminism. It coined terms such as interlocking oppression and Identity politics. CRC also gave Black and Brown women entry points into political involvement.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Ross, Loretta J. (May 7–8, 2003). "Voices of Feminism Oral History Project: Barbara Smith" (PDF). Retrieved 2021-11-21.
  2. ^ Smith, Beverly (2000). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. Rutgers University Press. pp. xxi. ISBN 9780813527536.
  3. ^ Smith, Barbara (2000). Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology. Rutgers University Press. pp. xxii. ISBN 9780813527536.
  4. ^ Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 41. ISBN 9781608468683.
  5. ^ "Where Would Black Feminism Be Today If It Wasn't For Barbara Smith?". Black Women Radicals. Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  6. ^ a b Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 44. ISBN 9781608468683.
  7. ^ A Conversation with Beverly and Barbara Smith, retrieved 2021-11-22
  8. ^ a b c Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 43. ISBN 9781608468683.
  9. ^ A Conversation with Beverly and Barbara Smith, retrieved 2021-11-22
  10. ^ a b Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 45.
  11. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 46. ISBN 9781608468683.
  12. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 47. ISBN 9781608468683.
  13. ^ "Where Would Black Feminism Be Today If It Wasn't For Barbara Smith?". Black Women Radicals. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  14. ^ "Antioch Baptist Church - Praying Grounds : The Cleveland Memory Project". www.clevelandmemory.org. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  15. ^ A Conversation with Beverly and Barbara Smith, retrieved 2021-12-10
  16. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 49. ISBN 9781608468683.
  17. ^ a b c Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 52. ISBN 9781608468683.
  18. ^ a b c Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 53. ISBN 9781608468683.
  19. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 56. ISBN 9781608468683.
  20. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 50. ISBN 9781608468683.
  21. ^ a b Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 51. ISBN 9781608468683.
  22. ^ a b All the women are White, all the Blacks are men, but some of us are brave : Black women's studies. Akasha Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, Barbara Smith. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press. 1982. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-55861-899-2. OCLC 559552782.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ All the women are White, all the Blacks are men, but some of us are brave : Black women's studies. Akasha Gloria Hull, Patricia Bell-Scott, Barbara Smith. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press. 1982. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-55861-899-2. OCLC 559552782.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  24. ^ a b Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 54. ISBN 9781608468683.
  25. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 57. ISBN 9781608468683.
  26. ^ a b BlackPast (2012-11-16). "(1977) The Combahee River Collective Statement •". Retrieved 2021-11-22.
  27. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 8. ISBN 9781608468683.
  28. ^ Taylor, Keeange-Yamahtta (2017). How We Get Free. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books. p. 10. ISBN 9781608468683.
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