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Physics
[edit]Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett - Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics (2013)
Part 1: Mechanics
- Introduction
- Ch 1: Physics and Measurement
- Introduction
- 1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
- 1.2 Matter and Model Building
- 1.3 Dimensional Analysis
- 1.4 Conversion of Units
- 1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
- 1.6 Significant Figures
- Summary
- Ch 2: Motion in One Dimension
- Introduction
- 2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed
- 2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
- 2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity
- 2.4 Acceleration
- 2.5 Motion Diagrams
- 2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration
- 2.7 Freely Falling Objects
- 2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus
- Summary
- Ch 3: Vectors
- Introduction
- 3.1 Coordinate Systems
- 3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities
- 3.3 Some Properties of Vectors
- 3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors
- Summary
- Ch 4: Motion in Two Dimensions
- Introduction
- 4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
- 4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
- 4.3 Projectile Motion
- 4.4 Analysis Model: Particlein Uniform Circular Motion
- 4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
- 4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
- Summary
- Ch 5: The Laws of motion
- Introduction
- 5.1 The Concept of Force
- 5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames
- 5.3 Mass
- 5.4 Newton’s Second Law
- 5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight
- 5.6 Newton’s Third Law
- 5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law
- Summary
- Ch 6: Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newton’s Laws
- Introduction
- 6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model
- 6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion
- 6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames
- 6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces
- Summary
- Ch 7: Energy of a System
- Introduction
- 7.1 Systems and Environments
- 7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
- 7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors
- 7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem
- 7.6 Potential Energy of a System
- 7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
- 7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
- 7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System
- Summary
- Ch 8: Conservation of Energy
- Introduction
- 8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)
- 8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)
- 8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
- 8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces
- 8.5 Power
- Summary
- Ch 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions
- Introduction
- 9.1 Linear Momentum
- 9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)
- 9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)
- 9.4 Collisions in One Dimension
- 9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions
- 9.6 The Center of Mass
- 9.7 Systems of Many Particles
- 9.8 Deformable Systems
- 9.9 Rocket Propulsion
- Summary
- Ch 10: Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis
- Introduction
- 10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
- 10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration
- 10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities
- 10.4 Torque
- 10.5 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque
- 10.6 Calculation of Moments of Inertia
- 10.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy
- 10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion
- 10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object
- Summary
- Ch 11: Angular Momentum
- Introduction
- 11.1 The Vector Product and Torque
- 11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)
- 11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object
- 11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)
- 11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops
- Summary
- Ch 12: Static Equilibrium and Elasticity
- Introduction
- 12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium
- 12.2 More on the Center of Gravity
- 12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium
- 12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids
- Summary
- Ch 13: Universal Gravitation
- Introduction
- 13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation
- 13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force
- 13.3 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Gravitational)
- 13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets
- 13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy
- 13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion
- Summary
- Ch 14: Fluid Mechanics
- Introduction
- 14.1 Pressure
- 14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth
- 14.3 Pressure Measurements
- 14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle
- 14.5 Fluid Dynamics
- 14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation
- 14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
- Summary
Part 2: Oscillations and Mechanical Waves
- Introduction
- Ch 15: Oscillatory Motion
- Introduction
- 15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring
- 15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion
- 15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- 15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion
- 15.5 The Pendulum
- 15.6 Damped Oscillations
- 15.7 Forced Oscillations
- Summary
- Ch 16: Wave Motion
- Introduction
- 16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance
- 16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave
- 16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings
- 16.4 Reflection and Transmission
- 16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings
- 16.6 The Linear Wave Equation
- Summary
- Ch 17: Sound Waves
- Introduction
- 17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves
- 17.2 Speed of Sound Waves
- 17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves
- 17.4 The Doppler Effect
- Summary
- Ch 18: Superposition and Standing waves
- Introduction
- 18.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
- 18.2 Standing Waves
- 18.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions
- 18.4 Resonance
- 18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns
- 18.6 Standing Waves in Rods and Membranes
- 18.7 Beats: Interference in Time
- 18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns
- Summary
Part 3: Thermodynamics
- Introduction
- Ch 19: Temperature
- Introduction
- 19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- 19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
- 19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale
- 19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
- 19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
- Summary
- Ch 20: The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Introduction
- 20.1 Heat and Internal Energy
- 20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
- 20.3 Latent Heat
- 20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
- 20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
- 20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
- 20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes
- Summary
- Ch 21: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
- Introduction
- 21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
- 21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas
- 21.3 The Equipartition of Energy
- 21.4 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
- 21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
- Summary
- Ch 22: Heat Engines, Entropy, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- Introduction
- 22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
- 22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
- 22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
- 22.4 The Carnot Engine
- 22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines
- 22.6 Entropy
- 22.7 Changes in Entropy for Thermodynamic Systems
- 22.8 Entropy and the Second Law
- Summary
Part 4: Electricity and Magnetism
- Introduction
- Ch 23: Electric Fields
- Introduction
- 23.1 Properties of Electric Charges
- 23.2 Charging Objects by Induction
- 23.3 Coulomb’s Law
- 23.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)
- 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
- 23.6 Electric Field Lines
- 23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
- Summary
- Ch 24: Gauss’s Law
- Introduction
- 24.1 Electric Flux
- 24.2 Gauss’s Law
- 24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
- 24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
- Summary
- Ch 25: Electric Potential
- Introduction
- 25.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference
- 25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field
- 25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges
- 25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential
- 25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions
- 25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor
- 25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
- 25.8 Applications of Electrostatics
- Summary
- Ch 26: Capacitance and Dielectrics
- Introduction
- 26.1 Definition of Capacitance
- 26.2 Calculating Capacitance
- 26.3 Combinations of Capacitors
- 26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
- 26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics
- 26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field
- 26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics
- Summary
- Ch 27: Current and Resistance
- Introduction
- 27.1 Electric Current
- 27.2 Resistance
- 27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction
- 27.4 Resistance and Temperature
- 27.5 Superconductors
- 27.6 Electrical Power
- Summary
- Ch 28: Direct-Current Circuits
- Introduction
- 28.1 Electromotive Force
- 28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
- 28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
- 28.4 RC Circuits
- 28.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety
- Summary
- Ch 29: Magnetic fields
- Introduction
- 29.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)
- 29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- 29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field
- 29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
- 29.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
- 29.6 The Hall Effect
- Summary
- Ch 30: Sources of the Magnetic Field
- Introduction
- 30.1 The Biot–Savart Law
- 30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
- 30.3 Ampère’s Law
- 30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
- 30.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
- 30.6 Magnetism in Matter
- Summary
- Ch 31: Faraday’s Law
- Introduction
- 31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
- 31.2 Motional emf
- 31.3 Lenz’s Law
- 31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields
- 31.5 Generators and Motors
- 31.6 Eddy Currents
- Summary
- Ch 32: Inductance
- Introduction
- 32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance
- 32.2 RL Circuits
- 32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field
- 32.4 Mutual Inductance
- 32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit
- 32.6 The RLC Circuit
- Summary
- Ch 33: Alternating-Current Circuits
- Introduction
- 33.1 AC Sources
- 33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit
- 33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
- 33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit
- 33.5 The RLC Series Circuit
- 33.6 Power in an AC Circuit
- 33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
- 33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission
- 33.9 Rectifiers and Filters
- Summary
- Ch 34: Electromagnetic waves
- Introduction
- 34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law
- 34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries
- 34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves
- 34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves
- 34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure
- 34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
- 34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
- Summary
Part 5: Light and Optics
- Introduction
- Ch 35: The Nature of Light and the Principles of Ray Optics
- Introduction
- 35.1 The Nature of Light
- 35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light
- 35.3 The Ray Approximation in Ray Optics
- 35.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection
- 35.5 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction
- 35.6 Huygens’s Principle
- 35.8 Total Internal Reflection
- Summary
- Ch 36: Image formation
- Introduction
- 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors
- 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
- 36.3 Images Formed by Refraction
- 36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses
- 36.5 Lens Aberrations
- 36.6 The Camera
- 36.7 The Eye
- 36.8 The Simple Magnifier
- 36.9 The Compound Microscope
- 36.10 The Telescope
- Summary
- Ch 37: Wave Optics
- Introduction
- 37.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
- 37.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference
- 37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern
- 37.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection
- 37.5 Interference in Thin Films
- 37.6 The Michelson Interferometer
- Summary
- Ch 38: Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
- Introduction
- 38.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns
- 38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
- 38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
- 38.4 The Diffraction Grating
- 38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
- 38.6 Polarization of Light Waves
- Summary
Part 6: Modern Physics
- Introduction
- Ch 39: Relativity
- Introduction
- 39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity
- 39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment
- 39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
- 39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity
- 39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations
- 39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations
- 39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum
- 39.8 Relativistic Energy
- 39.9 The General Theory of Relativity
- Summary
- Ch 40: Introduction to Quantum physics
- Introduction
- 40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis
- 40.2 The Photoelectric Effect
- 40.3 The Compton Effect
- 40.4 The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves
- 40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles
- 40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle
- 40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited
- 40.8 The Uncertainty Principle
- Summary
- Ch 41: Quantum mechanics
- Introduction
- 41.1 The Wave Function
- 41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions
- 41.3 The Schrödinger Equation
- 41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height
- 41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier
- 41.6 Applications of Tunneling
- 41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
- Summary
- Ch 42: Atomic physics
- Introduction
- 42.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases
- 42.2 Early Models of the Atom
- 42.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom
- 42.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom
- 42.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen
- 42.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers
- 42.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
- 42.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray
- 42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions
- 42.10 Lasers
- Summary
- Ch 43: Molecules and Solids
- Introduction
- 43.1 Molecular Bonds
- 43.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules
- 43.3 Bonding in Solids
- 43.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals
- 43.5 Band Theory of Solids
- 43.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors
- 43.7 Semiconductor Devices
- 43.8 Superconductivity
- Summary
- Ch 44: Nuclear structure
- Introduction
- 44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei
- 44.2 Nuclear Binding Energy
- 44.3 Nuclear Models
- 44.4 Radioactivity
- 44.5 The Decay Processes
- 44.6 Natural Radioactivity
- 44.7 Nuclear Reactions
- 44.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Summary
- Ch 45: Applications of Nuclear physics
- Introduction
- 45.1 Interactions Involving Neutrons
- 45.2 Nuclear Fission
- 45.3 Nuclear Reactors
- 45.4 Nuclear Fusion
- 45.5 Radiation Damage
- 45.6 Uses of Radiation
- Summary
- Ch 46: Particle physics and Cosmology
- Introduction
- 46.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature
- 46.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles
- 46.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics
- 46.4 Classification of Particles
- 46.5 Conservation Laws
- 46.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness
- 46.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles
- 46.8 Quarks
- 46.9 Multicolored Quarks
- 46.10 The Standard Model
- 46.11 The Cosmic Connection
- 46.12 Problems and Perspectives
- Summary