Vetkopers and Schieringers
The Skieringers and Fetkeapers were two opposing Frisian factional parties from the medieval period. They were responsible for a bloody civil war that lasted for over a century (1350–1498) and which eventually led to the end of the highly praised "Frisian freedom".
These factional parties arose because of an economic downturn that began in Friesland in the mid-14th century. Accompanied by a decline in monasteries and other communal institutions, social discord led to the emergence of untitled nobles called haadlingen ("headmen"), wealthy landowners possessing large tracts of land and fortified homes.[1] The haadlingen derived their nobility not from having lands and titles conferred on them by King or Emperor but assumed power after the demise of the Hollandic counts before them.[2]
The haadlingen took over the role of the judiciary as well offering protection to their local inhabitants. Internal struggles between regional leaders resulted in bloody conflicts and the alignment of regions along two opposing parties: the Skieringers and the Fetkeaper.
Worp van Thabor attributed the cause to a dispute between lay brothers of the Cistercian and Norbertine (Premonstratensian) orders.
A contemporary, Frisian freedom fighter Jancko Douwama (1482–1533), wrote in his memoirs, titled the Boeck der Partijen ("Book of the Parties") about the origins of the discord between the warring parties in Friesland and his definition of the terms Skieringers and Fetkeapers. According to Jancko the Fetkopers ("fat-buyers", pronounced [fɛtkɔpərs]) were so called because they had much and could buy fat products. The poor adopted the name Skieringers ("speakers", pronounced [skiːrɪŋərs]) because they had tried firstly discussion rather than violence.[3]
In the second half of the fifteenth century the Fetkeaper town of Groningen, which had become the dominating force in Frisia, tried to interfere in Mid-Frisian affairs.[4] The meddling met strong opposition in Skieringer held Westergo and ended in a call for foreign help.
On 21 March 1498,[5] a small group of Skieringers from Westergo secretly met with the stadholder-general of the Netherlands, Albert, Duke of Saxony in Medemblik requesting his help.[6] Albrecht, who had gained a reputation as a formidable military commander, accepted and soon conquered all Friesland. Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg appointed Albrecht hereditary potestate and gubernator of Friesland in 1499.[7]
Within a short time, occupation by the Duke and his Landsknecht military force became unacceptable to many Frisians of both factions and with the support of the Duke of Gelderland, they unsuccessfully attempted to regain their old freedoms and put an end to the de-Friesing of Friesland.
Saxon subjugation ended Frisian municipal independence. Although still spoken at the time, the Frisian language did not have any official status. Frisian would disappear from the official written record; the last official document recorded in Frisian was in 1573.[8] Frisian was replaced by Dutch and would not return until about 1800.[9]
References
- ^ Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia, John M. Deep, Pub. 2001, Germany.
- ^ N.E. Algra, "Frisia, the Empire and the Eighth Statute". in: Rolf H. Bremmer (ed.), Approaches to Old Frisian Philology (1998), p. 65.
- ^ Boeck der Partijen' (Book of the Parties), by Jancko Douwama
- ^ Evolution of the Money Standard in Medieval Frisia, by Dirk Jan Henstra, Pub 2000, Pg. 229
- ^ Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge (Hg.) Die besetzte "res publica" Zum Verhältnis von ziviler Obrigkeit und militärischer Herrschaft in besetzten Gebieten vom Spätmittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert, Pg. 137 Papers from a conference held Sept. 20-21, 2001, at the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. By Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge Published 2006 LIT Verlag Berlin -Hamburg-Münster
- ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1993, p. 214.
- ^ The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age by Maarten Prak, Pub 2005
- ^ Frisian (Trends in linguistics) by Thomas L Markey , Mouton Publishers (1981) ISBN 90-279-3128-3, Page 50
- ^ Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present, Edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche, Published 2003, ISBN 90-272-1856-0, Page 193 – 195, Frisian - Standardization in progress of a language in decay