View source for Voiced palatal lateral approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʎ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol  = ʎ
|ipa number  = 157
|decimal     = 654
|xsampa      = L
|braille     = hh
|braille2    = 13456
|imagefile   = IPA Unicode 0x028E.svg
|imagesize   = 150px
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol  = l̠ʲ
|ipa symbol2 = ʎ̟
}}

The '''voiced palatal lateral approximant''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in some [[Speech|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ʎ}}, a rotated lowercase letter {{angbr|y}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <code>L</code>.

Many languages that were previously thought to have a palatal [[Lateral consonant|lateral]] approximant actually have a lateral approximant that is, broadly, [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal]]; that is to say, it is articulated at a place in-between the [[alveolar ridge]] and the [[hard palate]] (excluded), and it may be variously described as alveolo-palatal, lamino-postalveolar,<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013|p=2}}, citing {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|1997|p=602}}</ref> or postalveolo-prepalatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} None of the 13 languages investigated by {{Harvcoltxt|Recasens|2013}}, many of them [[Romance languages|Romance]], has a 'true' palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|p=11}} That is likely the case for several other languages listed here. Some languages, like Portuguese and Catalan, have a lateral approximant that varies between alveolar and alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|pp=10–13}}

There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the '''alveolo-palatal lateral approximant'''. If precision is desired, it may be transcribed {{angbr IPA|l̠ʲ}} or {{angbr IPA|ʎ̟}}; they are essentially equivalent because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter {{unichar|0234}}; {{color|gray|{{angbr IPA|ȴ}}}} ("l", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives {{angle brackets|{{IPA link|ɕ}}, {{IPA link|ʑ}}}}) is used especially in Sinological circles.

The voiced palatal lateral approximant contrasts phonemically with its [[voiceless palatal lateral approximant|voiceless counterpart]] {{IPA|/ʎ̥/}} in the [[Xumi language]] spoken in China.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}}

== Features ==
{{multiple image
| width             = upright
| footer            = Cased forms of the IPA letter in the [[Pilagá language|Pilagá]] alphabet. The capital is not supported by Unicode.
| image1            = Capital turned Y.svg
| alt1              = Capital letter turned y
| image2            = IPA Unicode 0x028E.svg
| alt2              = Small letter turned y
}}

Features of the voiced palatal lateral approximant:

{{approximant}}
{{palatal}}
{{voiced}}
{{oral}}
{{lateral}}
{{pulmonic}}

== Occurrence ==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Albanian language|Albanian]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dedvukaj|first1=Lindon|last2=Ndoci|first2=Rexhina|title=Linguistic variation within the Northwestern Gheg Albanian dialect|journal=Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America|publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]]|doi=10.3765/plsa.v8i1.5501|volume=8|number=1|year=2023|doi-access=free|page=7}}</ref>|| [[Gheg Albanian#Malsia Albanian|Malsia e Madhe]] || rowspan=3 | {{lang|sq|'''l'''u'''l'''e|italic=yes}} || rowspan= 3 | {{IPA|[ˈʎuʎɛ]}} || rowspan=3 | 'flower' || rowspan=3 |
|-
| [[Arbëresh language|Arbëresh]]
|-
| [[Arvanitika]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]] || {{lang|an-Latn|agu'''ll'''a|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[a̠ˈɣuʎa̠]}} || 'needle' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]] || {{lang|rup|'''lj'''epuri|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎe̞puri]}} || 'rabbit' ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Astur-Leonese]] || [[Asturian language|Asturian]] || rowspan=2 | {{lang|ast|'''ll'''ingua|italic=yes}} || rowspan=2 | {{IPA|[ˈʎĩŋɡwa̝]}} || rowspan=3 | 'language' || rowspan=3 | Where {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is absent and replaced by different sounds (depending on dialect), a phenomenon known as {{lang|ast|[[che vaqueira]]}}, its corresponding sounds are spelled {{angbr|[[ḷ|ḷḷ]]}}. 
|-
| [[Leonese dialect|Leonese]]
|-
| [[Mirandese language|Mirandese]] || {{lang|ast|'''lh'''éngua|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎɛ̃ɡwɐ]}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Aymara language|Aymara]] || {{lang|ay|'''ll'''aki}} || {{IPA|[ʎaki]}} || 'sad' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Basque language|Basque]] || {{lang|eu|[[Basque alphabet|bonbi'''ll'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[bo̞mbiʎa̠]}} || 'bulb' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Breton language|Breton]] || {{lang|br|fami'''lh'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[fa̠miʎ]}} || 'family' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|'''л'''юбов]]}} || {{IPA|[ʎuˈbof]}} || 'love' || Alveolo-palatal. See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=2| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || Standard || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''ll'''ac]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎ̟a̠k]}} ||  'lake' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| [[La Franja|Eastern Aragon]] || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|c'''l'''au]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʎ̟a̠ʊ̯]}} || 'key' || Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} in [[consonant cluster]]s.
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Chipaya language|Chipaya]]
|'''ll'''oqa
| {{IPA|[ʎoqa]}}
|'bank'
|See [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Chipaya languages]] 
|-
|rowspan=12|[[English language|English]] || [[Australian English|Australian]] || rowspan=11 | {{lang|en|[[English orthography|mi'''lli'''on]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan=11 | {{IPA|[ˈmɪʎən]}} || rowspan=11 | 'million' || rowspan=2 | A frequent allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}}
|-
| [[Canadian English|Canadian]] ([[Atlantic Canadian English|Atlantic]] and [[Newfoundland English|Newfoundland]])
|-
| [[County Donegal]]<ref name="stenson">{{Harvcoltxt|Stenson|1991}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Hickey|2004|p=71}}</ref> || Allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}}.<ref name="stenson"/>
|-
| [[General American]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=490}} || A frequent allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}}; sometimes realized as {{IPA|[jj]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=490}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Hiberno-English]] || rowspan=7|A frequent allophone of the sequence {{IPA|/lj/}}
|-
| [[New England English|New England]]
|-
| [[New York City English|New York City]]
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]
|-
| [[South African English|South African]]
|-
| [[Southern American English|Southern American]]
|-
| [[Philippine English|Philippine]] || {{lang|en|[[English orthography|gori'''ll'''a]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[goˈɾɪʎɐ]}} || 'gorilla' || Common realization of {{angbr|ll}} between vowels due to Spanish influence.{{cn|date=February 2024}}
|-
|colspan=2| [[Enindhilyagwa language|Enindhilyagwa]] || {{lang|aoi-Latn|anga'''ly'''a}} || {{IPA|[aŋal̠ʲa]}} || 'place' || [[Laminal consonant|Laminal]] post-alveolar
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Faroese language|Faroese]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|te'''l'''gja]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈtʰɛʎt͡ʃa]}} || 'to carve' || Allophone of {{IPA|/l/}} before palatal consonants.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} Sometimes voiceless {{IPAblink|ʎ̥}}.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=115}} See [[Faroese phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Franco-Provençal language|Franco-Provençal]] || {{lang|frp|ba'''ly'''i|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[baʎi]}} || 'give' ||
|-
| [[French language|French]] || Some dialects<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Grevisse|Goosse|2011|loc=§33, b}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Fagyal|Kibbee|Jenkins|2006|p=47}}</ref> || {{lang|fr|papi'''ll'''on|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[papiʎɒ̃]}} || 'butterfly' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/j/}} in modern standard French. See [[French phonology]]
|-
| [[Galician language|Galician]] || Standard || {{lang|gl|i'''ll'''ado|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[iˈʎa̠ðo̝]}} || 'insulated' || Most Galician speakers, especially the urban and younger populations, are nowadays ''[[yeísmo|yeístas]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Regueira |first1=Xosé L. |title=Galician |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |date=December 1996 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=119–122 |doi=10.1017/S0025100300006162 |doi-access=free}}</ref> because of influence from Spanish
|-
|colspan=2| [[Greek language|Greek]] || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|ή'''λι'''ος]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|El-ήλιος.oga|[ˈiʎos]}} || 'sun' || Postalveolar.{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=20}} See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || Northern dialects{{sfnp|Benkő|1972|p=?}} || {{lang|hu|[[Hungarian orthography|'''ly'''uk]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʎuk]}} || 'hole' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|2013|p=10}} Modern Standard Hungarian has undergone a phenomenon akin to Spanish ''[[yeísmo]]'', merging {{IPA|/ʎ/}} into {{IPA|/j/}}. See [[Hungarian ly]] and [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Irish language|Irish]] || {{lang|ga|[[Irish orthography|dui'''ll'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈd̪ˠɪl̠ʲə]}} || 'leaf' || Alveolo-palatal. Some dialects contrast it with palatalized alveolar {{IPA|/lʲ/}}. See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|fi'''gli'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|It-figlio.ogg|[ˈfiʎːo]}} || 'son' || Alveolo-palatal.{{sfnp|Recasens|Farnetani|Fontdevila|Pallarès|1993|p=222}} Realized as fricative {{IPAblink|ʎ̝}} in a large number of accents.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ashby|2011|p=64}}: "(...) in a large number of Italian accents, there is considerable friction involved in the pronunciation of {{IPA|[ʎ]}}, creating a voiced palatal lateral fricative (for which there is no established IPA symbol)."</ref> See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Ivilyuat]] || ''Ivi'''l̃'''uɂat'' || {{IPA|[ʔivɪʎʊʔat]}} || 'the speaking [Ivilyuat]' ('Ivilyuat language') || 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Jaqaru language|Jaqaru]]
|a'''ll'''aka
| {{IPA|[a'ʎaka]}}
|'pumpkin'
|See [[Jaqaru language|Jaqaru Language]] 
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Jebero language|Jebero]]
|'''ll'''in'''ll'''in<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diccionario Shiwilu o Jebero (Pano-Tacanas) {{!}} PDF {{!}} Lengua española {{!}} Vocal |url=https://es.scribd.com/document/378694342/diccionario-shiwilu-o-jebero-pano-tacanas |access-date=2023-10-11 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>
| {{IPA|[ʎinʎin]}}
|'name'
|See [[Jebero language|Jebero Language]] 
|-
|[[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Seoul dialect]] || {{lang|ko|[[Korean phonology|천리마 / cheo'''ll'''ima]]}} || {{IPA|[t͡ɕʰʌ̹ʎʎima̠]}} || '[[qianlima]]' || {{IPA|/l/}} is palatalized to {{IPA|[ʎ]}} before {{IPA|/i, j/}} and before palatal consonant allophones<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crosby|first1=Drew|last2=Dalola|first2=Amanda|date=March 2021 |title=Phonetic variation in the Korean liquid phoneme|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350238620|journal=Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America|volume=6|issue=1|pages=706–707, 711|doi=10.3765/plsa.v6i1.5002|access-date=5 September 2022|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=2| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] || {{lang|lv|[[Latvian orthography|'''ļ'''audis]]}} || {{IPA|[ʎàwdis]}} || 'people' || See [[Latvian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]] || {{lang|ay|ay'''ll'''a}} || {{IPA|[ˈɐjʎɜ]}} || 'nine' || See [[Mapuche language]]
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || Northern and central [[Norwegian dialects|dialects]]{{sfnp|Skjekkeland|1997|pp=105–107}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|a'''ll'''e]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɑʎːe]}} || 'all' || See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| [[Occitan language|Occitan]] || Standard || {{lang|oc-Latn|mira'''lh'''ar}} || {{IPA|[miɾa̠ˈʎa̠]}} || 'to reflect' || See [[Occitan phonology]]
|-
| [[Paiwan language|Paiwan]] || Standard || {{lang|pwn|ve'''lj'''eve'''lj'''|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[vəʎəvəʎ]}}|| 'banana' || See [[Paiwan language]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Páez language|Paez]]
|si'''ll'''i
|{{IPA|[siʎi]}}
|'reed'
|See [[Paezan languages]]
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || Standard || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|a'''lh'''o]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈaʎu]}} || 'garlic' || Alveolo-palatal in [[European Portuguese]].{{sfnp|Teixeira|Martins|Oliveira|Silva|2012|p=321}} May instead be {{IPA|[lʲ]}}, {{IPAblink|l}} (Northeast) or {{IPAblink|j}} (Caipira), especially before unrounded vowels.{{sfnp|Stein|2011|p=223}}{{sfnp|Aragão|2009|p=168}} See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| Many dialects<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://publicacoes.ufes.br/contexto/article/viewFile/7039/5174 |title=Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português |access-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407073228/http://publicacoes.ufes.br/contexto/article/viewFile/7039/5174 |archive-date=2014-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|sandá'''li'''a]]|italic=yes}}
| {{IPA|[sɐ̃ˈda̠l̠ʲɐ]}}
| 'sandal'
| Possible realization of post-stressed {{IPA|/li/}} plus vowel.
|-
|colspan=2| [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=149}} || {{lang|qu|qa'''ll'''u}} || {{IPA|[qaʎʊ]}} || 'tongue' ||
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=30}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|'''l'''ingură]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈʎinɡurə]}} || 'spoon' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|l}}{{fix|text=in which environments?|date=March 2015}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Scottish Gaelic]]{{sfnp|Oftedal|1956|p=?}} || {{lang|gd|[[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|ti'''ll''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[tʲʰiːʎ]}} || 'return' || Alveolo-palatal.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} See [[Scottish Gaelic phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Serbo-Croatian]]<ref name="SOWL">{{Harvcoltxt|Jazić|1977|p=?}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=188}}</ref>
| {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''љ'''у'''љ'''aшка]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''lj'''u'''lj'''aška]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ʎ̟ǔʎ̟äːʂkä]}} || 'swing (seat)' || Palato-alveolar.<ref name="SOWL" /> See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]
|-
|colspan=2| [[Sissano language|Sissano]] || {{lang|sso-Latn|pi'''yl'''}} || {{IPA|[piʎ]}} || 'fish' ||
|-
|colspan=2| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] || {{lang|sk|[[Slovak alphabet|'''ľ'''úbiť]]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|SK-lubit.ogg|[ˈʎu̞ːbi̞c]}} || 'to love' || Merges with {{IPA|/l/}} in western dialects. See [[Slovak phonology]]
|-
| rowspan=8 | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>[http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_yll.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120074840/http://www.jotamartin.byethost33.com/alpi_yll.php|date=2015-11-20}} ALPI</ref>|| [[Andean Spanish|Andean]] (from Argentina to Colombia) || rowspan=8 | {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|caba'''ll'''o]]|italic=yes}} || rowspan=8 | {{IPA|[ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʎo̞]}} || rowspan=8 | 'horse' || rowspan=8 | Found in traditional speakers in Peninsular Spanish. Also found in Andean countries and Paraguay. For most speakers, this sound has merged with {{IPAslink|ʝ}}, a phenomenon called ''[[yeísmo]]''. See [[Spanish phonology]]. "Caballo" with ''yeísmo'' is pronounced {{IPA|[ka̠ˈβ̞a̠.ʝo̞]}}
|-
| [[Castilian Spanish|Castilian]], [[Aragon|Aragonese]] and [[Catalonia|Catalonian]] outside of large cities{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}}
|-
| Central [[castúo|areas in Extremadura]]
|-
| Eastern and southwestern [[La Mancha|Manchego]]{{cn|date=October 2021|reason=This is unsourced, the Spanish article on the Manchego dialect says it's yeista (also with no source)}}
|-
| [[Murcian Spanish|Murcian]]
|-
| [[Paraguayan Spanish|Paraguayan]]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peña Arce |first=Jaime |date=2015 |title=Yeísmo en el español de América. Algunos apuntes sobre su extensión |trans-title= Yeísmo in the Spanish spoken in America. Some notes on its extension |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5120313 |language=Spanish |journal= Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna |volume=33 |issue= |pages=175–199 |doi= |access-date=October 5, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Philippine Spanish|Philippine]] <!-- Spoken mostly only among [[Spanish Filipino]]s -->
|-
| Very few [[Andalusian Spanish|areas in Andalusia]] <!-- Most Andalusians are ''yeístas''. In 1964 Spain, "yeísmo pleno" (total yeísmo) was only found in Andalusia (exceptions included parts of Cordova and eastern areas of Huelva and Seville) -->
|-
|rowspan=2| [[Xumi language|Xumi]] || Lower{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ʎ̟o˩˥]}} || 'musk deer' || rowspan=2 | Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiceless {{IPA|/ʎ̥/}}.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=365, 367–368}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}}
|-
| Upper{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=382–383}} || colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[ʎ̟ɛ˦]}} || 'correct, right'
|}

== See also ==
*[[Yeísmo]], a feature of Spanish dialects that have merged this sound with {{IPAc-es|y}}
*[[Index of phonetics articles]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
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{{refend}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Lateral consonants]]
[[Category:Palatal consonants]]
[[Category:Alveolo-palatal consonants]]
[[Category:Pulmonic consonants]]
[[Category:Oral consonants]]