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Wakame

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Wakame
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Chromalveolata
Division:
Heterokontophyta
Class:
Phaeophyceae
Order:
Laminariales
Family:
Alariaceae
Genus:
Undaria
Species:
U. pinnatifida
Binomial name
Undaria pinnatifida
(Harvey) Suringar, 1873
Wakame, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy188 kJ (45 kcal)
9.14 g
Sugars0.65 g
Dietary fiber0.5 g
0.64 g
3.03 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Thiamine (B1)
5%
0.06 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
18%
0.23 mg
Niacin (B3)
10%
1.6 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
14%
0.697 mg
Folate (B9)
49%
196 μg
Vitamin C
3%
3 mg
Vitamin E
7%
1 mg
Vitamin K
4%
5.3 μg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
12%
150 mg
Iron
12%
2.18 mg
Magnesium
25%
107 mg
Manganese
61%
1.4 mg
Phosphorus
6%
80 mg
Sodium
38%
872 mg
Zinc
3%
0.38 mg
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[1] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[2]

Wakame (ワカメ, wakame) is a sea vegetable, or edible seaweed. It has a subtly sweet flavour and is most often served in soups and salads.

Sea-farmers have grown wakame in Japan from the Nara period.[3][better source needed] It has been nominated as among 100 of the world's worst invasive species according to the Global Invasive Species Database.[4]

Names

The name "wakame" was derived from the Japanese name wakame (ワカメ, わかめ, 若布, 和布).[5][6]

  • In English, it can be called "sea mustard".
  • In China, it is called qúndài cài (裙带菜).[7]
  • In French, it is called "wakamé" or "fougère des mers".
  • In Korea, it is called miyeok (미역)[7]

History in the West

In 1867 the word "wakame" appeared in an English-language publication, A Japanese and English Dictionary, by James C. Hepburn.[8]

Starting in the 1960s, the word "wakame" started to be used widely in the United States, and the product (imported in dried form from Japan) became widely available at natural food stores and Asian-American grocery stores, due to the influence of the macrobiotic movement, and in the 1970s with the growing number of Japanese restaurants and sushi bars.

Health

New studies conducted at Hokkaido University have found that a compound in wakame known as fucoxanthin can help burn fatty tissue.[9] Studies in mice have shown that fucoxanthin induces expression of the fat-burning protein UCP1 that accumulates in fat tissue around the internal organs. Expression of UCP1 protein was significantly increased in mice fed fucoxanthin. Wakame is also used in topical beauty treatments. See also Fucoidan.

Wakame is a rich source of eicosapentaenoic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. At over 400 mg/100 kcal or almost 1 mg/kJ, it has one of the higher nutrient:calorie ratios for this nutrient, and among the very highest for a vegetarian source.[10] A typical 1-2 tablespoon serving of wakame contains roughly 3.75–7.5 kcal and provides 15–30 mg of omega-3 fatty acids. Wakame also has high levels of calcium, iodine, thiamine and niacin.

In Oriental medicine it has been used for blood purification, intestinal strength, skin, hair, reproductive organs and menstrual regularity.[11]

In Korea, the wakame soup miyeokguk is popularly consumed by women after giving birth as miyeok contains a high content of calcium and iodine, nutrients that are important for nursing new mothers. Many women consume it during the pregnancy phase as well. It is also traditionally eaten on birthdays for this reason, a reminder of the first food that the mother has eaten and passed on to her newborn through her milk, thus bringing good fortune for the rest of the year.

Aquaculture

Japanese and Korean sea-farmers have grown wakame for centuries and they still are the main producers and eaters.[citation needed] Since 1983 wakame is also cultivated in France, in sea fields established near the shores of Brittany.[12]

Wild grown wakame is harvested in Tasmania, Australia, and then sold in restaurants in Sydney[13] and also sustainably hand-harvested from the waters of Foveaux Strait in Southland, New Zealand and freeze-dried for retail and use in a range of products.[14]

Cuisine

Wakame fronds are green and have a subtly sweet flavour and slippery texture. The leaves should be cut into small pieces as they will expand during cooking.

In Japan and Europe, wakame is distributed either dried or salted, and used in soups (particularly miso soup), and salads (tofu salad), or often simply as a side dish to tofu and a salad vegetable like cucumber. These dishes are typically dressed with soy sauce and vinegar/rice vinegar.

Goma wakame, also known as seaweed salad, is a popular side dish at American and European sushi restaurants. Literally translated, it means "sesame seaweed", as sesame seeds are usually included in the recipe.[15]

  • Japanese miso soup with tofu, wakame and scallion)
    Japanese miso soup with tofu, wakame and scallion)
  • Miyeok guk, a Korean soup made with wakame
    Miyeok guk, a Korean soup made with wakame
  • A Japanese dish consisting of wakame with sardines
    A Japanese dish consisting of wakame with sardines

Invasive species

Native to cold temperate coastal areas of Japan, Korea, and China, in recent decades it has become established in New Zealand, the United States, France, Great Britain, Spain, Italy, Argentina, and Australia.[16] It was nominated one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world.[4]

New Zealand

In New Zealand, wakame is declared as an unwanted organism. It was first discovered in Wellington Harbour in 1987 and probably arrived accidentally in the late 1980s, via shipping from Asia contained in ballast water.

Wakame is now found around much of south-eastern New Zealand, and as far north as Auckland. It spreads in two ways: naturally, through the millions of microscopic spores released by each fertile organism, and through attachment to vessel hulls and marine farming equipment. It is a highly successful and fertile species, which makes it a serious invader. However, its impacts are not well understood and are likely to vary, depending on the location.

Even though it is an invasive species in 2012 the government allowed for the farming of wakame in Wellington, Marlborough and Banks Peninsula.[17]

United States

The sea plant has been found in several harbors in southern California. In May 2009 it was discovered in San Francisco Bay and aggressive efforts are underway to remove it before it spreads.[18][19][20]

See also

References

  1. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  2. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
  3. ^ Man'yōshū "比多潟の 磯のわかめの 立ち乱え 我をか待つなも 昨夜も今夜も" (Poetry on the theme of Wakame)
  4. ^ a b "Global Invasive Species Database". IUCN Species Survival Commission. Retrieved 2009-08-17.
  5. ^ "Undaria pinnatifida". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  6. ^ "Undaria pinnatifida". Seaweed Industry Association.
  7. ^ a b Abbott, Isabella A (1989). Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and human affairs. Cambridge University Press, Phycological Society of America. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0.
  8. ^ Hepburn, James Curtis (1867). A Japanese and English dictionary: with and English and Japanese index. American Presbyterian Mission Press. p. 516. WAKAME, ワカメ, 若海布, n, A kind of sea weed.
  9. ^ Template:Cite PMID
  10. ^ "545 foods highest in 20:5 n-3". Nutrition Data. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
  11. ^ Kristina Turner (1996). The Self-Healing Cookbook: A Macrobiotic Primer for Healing Body, Minds and Moods with Whole Natural Foods. ISBN 0-945668-10-4.
  12. ^ http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1676 Undaria pinnatifida
  13. ^ "Greens straight out of the blue". The Sydney Morning Herald. August 11, 2009.
  14. ^ "Pest seaweed could be used against cancer". Southland Times. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  15. ^ http://www.azumafoods.com/products/Goma_Wakame_Sesame_18_25.html
  16. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027686.63170.6c, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027686.63170.6c instead.
  17. ^ "Areas designated for Undaria farming". Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 19 January 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  18. ^ Kay, J. Kelp among top 10 invasive seaweeds hits S.F. San Francisco Chronicle July 8, 2009.
  19. ^ Perlman, D. Divers battle fast-growing alien kelp in bay San Francisco Chronicle July 9, 2009.
  20. ^ "An Underwater Fight Is Waged for the Health of San Francisco Bay" article by Malia Wollan in The New York Times August 1, 2009
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