Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization

Categorization FAQ

Frequently asked questions about the Wikipedia Category feature.

This page is addressed mainly to those editing Wikipedia. For information for readers, see Wikipedia:FAQ/Categories.

For more detailed guidelines on creating and organizing categories, see Help:Category. More technical information can be found at Wikipedia:Categorization.

What are categories?

Categories allow articles to be placed in one or more groups, and allow those groups to be further categorized. When an article belongs to a category, it will contain a special link to a page that describes the category. Similarly, when a sub-category belongs to a parent category, it will contain a special link to the parent category's page. Each category page contains an introduction that can be edited like an article, and an automatically generated list of links to sub-categories and articles that belong to the category. Categories do not form a strict hierarchy or tree of categories, since each article can appear in more than one category, and each category can appear in more than one parent category. This allows multiple categorization schemes to co-exist simultaneously. It is possible to construct loops in the category space, but this is discouraged.

What is the purpose of categories?

There are two main ways to use categories: lists and topics. When starting a subcategory, making an early decision about whether it is a list or a topic will reduce later renames, recategorizations, and discussions. The category page can be used to tell others whether it is a list or a topic, and to link to a main list or main article. See meta:Categorization requirements for the original purpose of the feature, and Wikipedia:Categorization for current usage and guidelines for assignment.

What categories already exist?

The best way to find out what exists is to browse. Either start at Wikipedia:Browse or start at Category:Fundamental, which shows the "top" level categories, to which all other categories should be connected. Category:Categories is the standard top-level category provided by the MediaWiki software, but orphan categories (categories without any parent categories) can exist. Category Tree browser at the Toolserver is a javascript category browser, but it is marked "deprecated." Cat Scan, also at the Toolserver, can be used to find subcategories. Wikipedia:Category schemes shows designs that predate the category feature. Some high-level categories can be found at Wikipedia:Categorization#Current projects. A list of all categories can be found at Special:Categories, but it is not very useful since there are many thousands of categories listed there.

How else can I navigate articles?

As well as the standard links within articles themselves, every page has a link (typically at the side) called What links here.

What is the difference between a list and a category?

Grouping articles into a category is not the same as making a list of articles. To make a list of articles, you edit the list directly; but to place articles into a category, you edit each article and insert a category tag by placing [[Category:category_name]] in the body of the text. This automatically adds those articles as a list on the category's page. Despite the difference in how they are maintained, it is sometimes convenient to think of a category as a list of articles. While an article may be in multiple lists, the goal is that browsing downwards from a list parent category, e.g. Category:Cities, should only arrive at articles that are about cities, e.g. London, and not related articles e.g. History of London. See the John Lennon example. There are some natural hierarchies of lists. One example is the scientific classification of organisms, which would only place an article in one category. Other systems use multiple listings, e.g. Wikipedia could be in Category:Wikis and Category:Encyclopedias. List categories are likely to also be subcategories of topic categories. Maintaining and tracking categories often requires more effort than a simple list. If you have a category that has vague criteria or that adds and removes members frequently, then maintaining a simple list is often more appropriate. Further information on this topic can be found at Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates.

Are "List of ..." articles still needed?

There are many articles in Wikipedia called "List of ...", e.g. "List of assassins". Lists are still useful for showing "missing" articles. See also: Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates, Wikipedia talk:Categorization/Archive 1#Lists v. categories and Category:Lists that should be categories.

Are topic and hierarchy info-boxes still needed?

Many articles have "info-boxes"—side-boxes or footers linking to other articles and lists, sometimes using Wikipedia:Templates. Some of these are listed at Wikipedia:Navigation templates. While some info-boxes are made redundant, others have useful grouping of the cross-references that cannot be done with categories. See also: Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates, Wikipedia:Article series, Wikipedia:Incumbent series.

Can pages be in more than one category?

Yes, it is expected that most pages will be members of more than one category. Similarly, each category can be a member of more than one parent category. See also Wikipedia:Categorization#Duplicate categorization rule.

What is the naming convention for categories?

Main page: Wikipedia:Naming conventions (categories)

Use the Wikipedia titling conventions of no unnecessary capital letters or abbreviations, i.e. use [[Category:Category examples]] instead of [[Category:Category E.g.]]. Avoid ambiguities.

Lists

If the category collects articles, then avoid the word List in the name of the category, and use plurals, e.g. Category:Popes.

However, if the category collects lists, then using the word Lists in the name of the category is appropriate, e.g. Category:Lists of radio stations.

Topics

Use the topic name without indicating structure, e.g. [[Category:History of London]] instead of [[Category:History - Europe - UK - London]].

Editing articles

See also: meta:MediaWiki User's Guide: Using Categories.

===MAKHDOOM ANCESTRY OF GONDAL CLAN The Makhdoom (ancestry of Gondal clan) is one of the jat clans tribes found mainly in Punjab, Pakistan.They are believed to have accepted Islam on the inducement of famous Sufi poet Hazrat Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar (RA) of Pakpattan and were instructed by him to stay in the area between the Chenab River and Jhelum Rivers. Hazrat Makhdoom Burhanuddin (RA) and his friend Hazrat Syed Shaboil were instructed by Hazrat Baba Fariduddin Ganjshakar (RA) to go to Montgomery present Sahiwall district Sargodha for preaching of Islam in 12th century. The Saints went there and they started to preach the people. Many a people of that area were become Muslim on the hand of these both saints. The both saints are great Alam of Islam.The Established a Darsgah at Montgomery for teaching of Islamic education to the students. After a many years the both Saints left this place and went to Village which is now on the name of Hazrat Langar Makhdoom (Al Maroof Makhdoom Burhanuddin (RA)). The Both saints stated preaching of Islam there and again many peoples of that become Muslim on their hands.After their arrival at Langar Makhdoom entire area appears to have been blessed by Allah’s mercy and blessings. Floods and disease used to cause havoc in these areas in routine; however, after the arrival of Hazrat Langar Makhdoom (R.A), Allah removed the difficulties faced by local People.Hazrat Langar Makhdoom (R.A) died in Langar Makhdoom in 1245 CE(666 Hijri). He was buried in his mud dwelling hut according to his last will in Makhdoom Grave Yard near Changranwali Village District Sargodha. Father and Mother of Hazrat Langar Makhdoom (R.A)are also buried in Makhdoom Grave Yard.There are many others Karamat are also belongs to Hazrat Makhdoom Burhanuddin(RA) e.g. walking of Shesham trees from one place to an other place on the order of Hazrat Makhdoom Burhanuddin(RA). Visit of Lion to his grave in each month. Silsala Nasab/Shajra of Hazrat Makhdoom Burhanuddin(RA)is as under:- 1. Gondal Sheharyar King Of Sparsha (792 CE) 2. Sukha, son of Gondal, 3. Badhrad son of Sukha, 4. Hans son of Badhrad, 5. Tullah son of Hans, 6. Jaisrat son of Tullah, 7. Kouli son of Jaisrat, 8. Kalas son of Kouli, 9. Ghanon son of Kalas, 10. Dher, Raja, Badher and Budha were sons of Ghanon, 11. Taijo son of Badher, 12. Makhdoom Malo son of Taijo, 13. Hazrat Langar Makhdoom (Al Maroof Hazrat Makhdoom Burhanuddin (RA)1245(666 Hijri) son of Makhdoom Malo Village Langar Makhdoom Distt. Sargodha, 14. Makhdoom Aqube son of Hazrat Langar Makhdoom(RA), 15. Makhdoom Bahara son of Makhdoom Aqube, 16. Makhdoom Shah Baig son of Makhdoom Bahara, 17. Makhdoom Danaa son of Makhdoom Shah Baig, 18. Makhdoom Imam Bakhsh,Makhdoom Muhammad Bakhsh,Makhdoom Allah Bakhsh,Makhdoom Omar Bakhsh and Makhdoom Faiz Bakhsh are sons of Makhdoom Danna, 19. Makhdoom Qadir Bakhsh son of Makhdoom Omar Bakhsh, 20. Makhdoom Bukhtiar son of Makhdoom Qadir Bakhsh, 21. Makhdoom Qutab Din son of Makhdoom Bukhtiar, 22. Makhdoom Ghulam Muhammad son of Makhdoom Qutab Din, 23. Makhdoom Ali Muhammad, Makhdoom Muhammad Sidique (2010 CE), Makhdoom Muhammad Sharif, Makhdoom Muhammad Latif were sons of Makhdoom Ghulam Muhammad, 24. Makhdoom Mohkam son of Makhdoom Faiz Bakhsh, 25. Makhdoom Allah Din son of Mohkam, 26. Makhdoom Sardar Khan son of Makhdoom Allah Din, 27. Makhdoom Karam Bakhsh son of Makhdoom Sardar Khan, 28. Makhdoom Muhammad Ali son of Makhdoom Karam Bakhsh, 29. Makhdoom Ghulam Ali (1875 CE)and Makhdoom Muhammad Hussain (1877 CE)were sons of Makhdoom Muhammad Ali <Makhdoom Clan ancestry of Gondal></Makhdoom Clan ancestry of Gondal>

How do I reference a category on a page without categorizing the page?

To link to the category page, put a colon before the word "category", inside the link, e.g.
[[:Category:United States]], which will appear as Category:United States.

Where should the category tag go in the article?

Category tags should be placed at the bottom of the article, after the appendices and before the inter-wiki language links (see Wikipedia:Layout). This ensures that when newcomers press "edit," they are immediately presented with the main article text, rather than the more esoteric category tags. It also ensures that the category tags are in a consistent place so they are easy to find when an editor is updating the categorization of a bunch of articles.

In what order should categories be listed within the article?

Both the alphabet and importance are used to order categories currently. Since some categories are obviously less relevant to the reader than others, categories should be ordered so that someone reading the article can use them to understand the subject, directing the reader to the categories that are most important to exploring the subject or understanding its context. Although this, like most ordering issues in Wikipedia, is a matter for judgment, it is generally clear that some categories – for example the birthplace or birth year of a person – are less important than others, such as their status as an Oscar or Nobel Prize winner. (See also Wikipedia:Categorization of people#Categorisation schemes.)

How do I sort the article differently on the category page?

This is needed especially for sorting people by surname, leaving out articles ("The" and "A") from the beginning of names, and other cases when preferred sorting key is not identical with article name; Such as grouping people with surnames starting with 'Mac' and 'Mc' together, or to force the most important articles or sub-categories to appear at the beginning of the list.

If most or all categories should be sorted in the same way, use a {{DEFAULTSORT}} tag, which looks like {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, John}}. All categories will then sort under "Smith" unless the "pipe-trick" is used for them (see below).

For individual cases use the "pipe-trick": Expand the category notation to include the desired sorting key after a pipe sign (syntax is similar to Wikipedia:piped link, but the effect is different). For example, an article categorized by [[Category:Proper category|Sorting key]] would appear under S within the category.

See thorough manual at Wikipedia:Categorization#Sort order.

Which categories can be used for categorization of articles on people?

Articles about people should be categorized cautiously. Unlike the body of the article, the various category choices for people can focus on what, in most cases, are common and unrelated attributes such as place of birth and gender, instead of emphasising the reason for their inclusion.

See Wikipedia:Categorization of people for guidelines.

Somebody changed my categorization – what do I do?

All contributions to Wikipedia may be "edited mercilessly". If the change was not explained in the article history or talk page, try leaving a question on the relevant user's talk page.

What should I do if I see an article without any categories?

The easiest way to handle it is to add the {{Uncategorized}} template to the article, which will place a notice that the article needs categorizing, and automatically add it to the list at Category:Category needed. Or, try to categorize it yourself. One useful technique is to try following links in the article to other similar pages, and see how they are categorized, so you know what to copy.

Maintaining categories

I am interested in XYZ categories – where can I get involved?

See Wikipedia:WikiProject Categories/Current subprojects, Wikipedia:WikiProject and Portal talk:Contents.

I want to change the relationships of some categories – will anyone mind?

If you want to restructure some existing categories, it is best to discuss your plans with others working in the same areas, or at least to announce your intentions. This is to avoid the situation where someone is placing an article into multiple categories, someone else is populating a category with multiple articles and parent categories, while someone else is trying to restructure part of the category tree, and nobody ends up with what they want. A good place to start looking for an interested group of people is Category:WikiProjects.

What goes on a category page?

Category pages exist to be a convenient cross-reference to related articles and other categories. A category page should contain a brief description of the purpose of the category. A prominent link to the most important article in the category is usually a good idea, but please avoid copying large quantities of text or images from an article to a category page. If a category and a page have a one-to-one correspondence, then the template {{catmore}} or similar is often the best solution. Introductions should be short and only navigation templates that facilitate moving between categories or category pages can be included.

The {{catmore}} template

In many cases, a category has a "main article", which describes the subject of that category. The category and the article often have the same name. In such case, do this:

• Add the "{{catmore}}" tag in the category.
• Arrange for the article to appear at the top of the list of articles in the category, by putting a vertical bar and a space after the category name in the Category: tag (e.g. [[Category:''catname''| ]]).

For such a category/article pair, the guidelines for what other categories the "main article" should be in are still being worked out. Normally articles should not appear both in a category and a "parent" of that category; however an exception should be made for the "main article" of a category — the category system makes more sense if each main article appears in some or all of the categories that the equivalent category appears in. It is optimal for browsing, where the user need not keep bouncing back and forth between the categories of "main" pages and other pages.

If the subject has count, then make the category name plural and create a redirect of that same, plural name, redirecting back to the singular name. For instance City and Category:Cities. That is, create a page called "Cities" and add the line

#REDIRECT [[City]]

This helps to prevent confusion by blocking others from creating a competing page that overlaps in scope and you will be able to use the catmore template without specifying any additional parameters.

In theory, if a main article is categorized correctly in its corresponding category, the use of the catmore template is redundant.

How do I categorize categories which have a main article?

Take John Lennon and Category:John Lennon or The KLF and Category:The KLF. Should all category memberships which relate to Lennon or the KLF (but not to, for example, the state of the article) be added to Category:John Lennon/Category:The KLF and removed from the article? That would seem to follow from literal interpretation of the "no categorizing into a subcategory and category at once" rule, but it forces readers to click an extra time and hides relationships from them.

The article should be left in those categories it would belong to if it had no category of its own; see Wikipedia:Categorization and subcategories#Topic article rule as well as Wikipedia:Categorization#Some general guidelines.

Do categories need parents?

Yes. If you are creating a new category, look for a suitable "parent" category (or several) to assign it to. A good place to look is in articles on related subjects.

If you do not have a parent category, then your category cannot be browsed to via other categories. Also, your category will show up on Special:Uncategorizedcategories.

Can categories be renamed, moved, or redirected?

Yes, "speedy renaming" can be done by listing the category at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion#Speedy renaming. See Wikipedia:Category deletion policy#Speedy renaming procedure.

"Normal" redirects in the form #REDIRECT [[Category:Better name]] are not currently recommended in category space. Instead, use the template {{Category redirect}}: a bot periodically recategorizes articles in the redirected category to the target category. Any editor can add a category redirect although, in general, established categories should not be unilaterally redirected but should be taken to Wikipedia:Categories for discussion to suggest redirecting as part of a rename / merger of the category.

It is currently impossible to "move" a category and keep its editing history, in contrast to renamed articles.

How do I delete a category?

If you feel a category falls within Wikipedia:Category deletion policy, bring it up on Wikipedia:Categories for discussion.

State of the Category feature

The category feature appeared in the MediaWiki software v1.3, which was implemented on Wikipedia in late May 2004.

Initially categories were displayed at the top right of articles, but they were soon moved to the bottom due to layout conflicts. (Not every skin has them at the bottom; eg Cologne Blue has them at top right.)

Known issues

Reported categorisation bugs can be seen at MediaZilla. See also: Wikipedia:Categorization#Known category-related bugs.

• Category pages still show old sub-categories and articles after edits [1] [2].

Work-around: You need to make a dummy edit to the category page to fix this, e.g., add a space at the end of a line. Explain this in the edit summary (e.g. "Dummy edit to refresh"), and flag the edit as minor if you have a Wikipedia user account.

• Categories can be sub-categories of themselves [3].

Work-around: Don't do it.

• Categories cannot be redirected [4].

Work-around: Don't do it, place a link on the page instead if it already exists.

• Layout issues:
  • Category and interwiki tags produce ugly whitespace [5]
  • Category pages show a pre-formatted box from spaces within category lines [6]

Work-around: Edit category pages so that there is only one category tag per line.

How do I report bugs?

Bugs should be reported to the MediaZilla website. (See Wikipedia:Bug reports and feature requests for instructions.)

How do I request feature enhancements?

Enhancements can be requested at the MediaZilla website. (See also meta:MediaWiki roadmap and Wikipedia:MediaWiki future directions.)

What is the state of categorization?

When trying to categorize an article, it may be difficult to tell into which categories it should be placed. Sometimes when trying to categorize by a field of interest, one intersects with someone else's efforts from another field.

Category policies are still being refined by experimentation, discussion, and polls. Categorizations and systems are likely to be discussed and improved upon for a very long time. To be part of the discussion see Wikipedia talk:Categorization.

Related topics

To allow related articles to be grouped together, and those groupings placed into a hierarchy. For example, both Gwalior and History of Gwalior could be in the Category : Gwalior.

There are some natural hierarchies of topics, e.g., placing Category:History of India under Category:Asia and Category:History.

Topic categories are unlikely to be subcategories of list categories.

Currently the software does not allow you to look at Category:People and retrieve a list of all articles in sub-categories.