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Wirtinger's inequality for functions

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For other inequalities named after Wirtinger, see Wirtinger's inequality.

In mathematics, historically Wirtinger's inequality for real functions was an inequality used in Fourier analysis. It was named after Wilhelm Wirtinger. It was used in 1904 to prove the isoperimetric inequality. A variety of closely related results are today known as Wirtinger's inequality.

Theorem

First version

Let be a periodic function of period 2π, which is continuous and has a continuous derivative throughout R, and such that

Then

with equality if and only if f(x) = a sin(x) + b cos(x) for some a and b (or equivalently f(x) = c sin (x + d) for some c and d).

This version of the Wirtinger inequality is the one-dimensional Poincaré inequality, with optimal constant.

Second version

The following related inequality is also called Wirtinger's inequality (Dym & McKean 1985):

whenever f is a C1 function such that f(0) = f(a) = 0. In this form, Wirtinger's inequality is seen as the one-dimensional version of Friedrichs' inequality.

Proof

The proof of the two versions are similar. Here is a proof of the first version of the inequality. Since Dirichlet's conditions are met, we can write

and moreover a0 = 0 since the integral of f vanishes. By Parseval's identity,

and

and since the summands are all ≥ 0, we get the desired inequality, with equality if and only if an = bn = 0 for all n ≥ 2.

References

  • Dym, H; McKean, H (1985), Fourier series and integrals, Academic press, ISBN 978-0-12-226451-1
  • Paul J. Nahin (2006) Dr. Euler's Fabulous Formula, page 183, Princeton University Press ISBN 0-691-11822-1
  • Komkov, Vadim (1983) Euler's buckling formula and Wirtinger's inequality. Internat. J. Math. Ed. Sci. Tech. 14, no. 6, 661—668.

This article incorporates material from Wirtinger's inequality on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.