Yamaha R-MAX
| R-MAX | |
|---|---|
| |
| An R-MAX in flight in 2014. | |
| Role | Unmanned aerial vehicle |
| National origin | Japan |
| Manufacturer | Yamaha Motor Company |
| Developed from | Yamaha R-50 |
The Yamaha R-MAX is a Japanese unmanned helicopter developed by the Yamaha Motor Company in the 1990s. The two-bladed, gasoline-powered aircraft is remote-controlled by a line-of-sight user; it was designed primarily for agricultural use, and is capable of precise aerial spraying of crops. The R-MAX has been used in Japan and abroad for agriculture and a variety of other roles, including reconnaissance, disaster response and technology development.
Development
The Yamaha R-MAX and its predecessor, the Yamaha R-50, were developed in the 1990s in response to demand in the Japanese market for aerial agricultural spraying. Fixed-wing manned crop dusters had been in use in Japan for many years, but the small size of most Japanese farms meant that this method was inefficient. Manned helicopters were sometimes used for spraying, but were very expensive. The R-MAX allowed much more precise small-scale spraying, at a lower cost and lower risk than manned aircraft.[1] The R-MAX was approved for operation in the United States by the Federal Aviation Administration in 2015.[2][3]
Operational history
As of 2015[update], the R-MAX fleet has conducted over two million flight hours in agricultural roles and several other capacities, including aerial sensing, photography, academic research, and military applications.[2]
Volcano observation
In the spring of 2000, the Japanese government requested the use of an R-MAX to observe the eruption of Mount Usu, which had been dormant for 22 years, as close observation of the volcano was deemed too dangerous for manned helicopters. The R-MAX allowed scientific observers to spot and measure build-ups of volcanic ash which would have otherwise been missed, and improved the observers' ability to predict hazardous volcanic mudslides.[1]
Fukushima nuclear disaster
Yamaha R-MAXs were used in the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami to monitor radiation levels around the site of the Fukushima nuclear disaster from inside the "no-entry" zone.[4]
Research
The R-MAX has been used by several universities worldwide for guidance and automatic control research. In 2002, Georgia Tech's UAV Research Facility began using a Yamaha R-MAX for research into autonomous aerial guidance, navigation, and control systems.[5] Carnegie Mellon University, the University of California Berkeley, UC Davis and Virginia Tech have also used R-MAX units for research.[6][7][8][9]
Variants
In May 2014, Yamaha agreed to partner with the American defense firm Northrop Grumman to produce a variant of the R-MAX, known as the R-Bat, combining the R-MAX airframe with a suite of autonomy-enabling hardware and software. This product is intended for both military and civilian applications.[10]
Specifications (R-MAX)
General characteristics
- Length: 3.63 m (11 ft 11 in)
- Width: 0.72 m (2 ft 4 in)
- Height: 1.08 m (3 ft 7 in)
- Empty weight: 64 kg (141 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 94 kg (207 lb)
- Maximum payload: 28–31 kg (62–68 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × water-cooled 2-cylinder 2-stroke, 0.246 L (15.01 cu in)
- Main rotor diameter: 3.115 m (10 ft 3 in)
Performance
- Endurance: 1 hour
Avionics
- Control system: Yamaha Attitude Control System (YACS)
References
- ^ a b Sato, Akira. "The R-MAX Helicopter UAV" (PDF). DTIC.mil. 2 September 2003. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
- ^ a b c Head, Elan (6 May 2015). "FAA grants exemption to unmanned Yamaha RMAX helicopter". Vertical Magazine. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "R-MAX authorisation" (PDF). FAA. 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
- ^ "Yamaha Motors Monthly Newsletter" (PDF). Yamaha Motor Company. 18 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2014.
- ^ "System Integration and Operation of a Research Unmanned Aerial Vehicle". Eric N. Johnson, Daniel P. Schrage. Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information, and Communication 1(1):5-18. January 2004. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ Berkeley Aerobot Team website. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ RMax Helicopter Obstacle Avoidance via YouTube. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ Evan Ackerman. "Yamaha Demos Agricultural RoboCopter, But Humans Can't Unleash It Yet". IEEE Spectrum. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
- ^ "Virginia Tech engineering team developing helicopter that would investigate nuclear disasters". Virginia Tech College of Engineering. 23 March 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
- ^ "Photo Release -- Northrop Grumman, Yamaha Motor, U.S.A., Collaborate on Unmanned Helicopter System". Northrop Grumman via GlobeNewsWire.com. 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2015.