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Zamia

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Zamia
Zamia furfuracea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Division:
Cycadophyta
Class:
Cycadopsida
Order:
Cycadales
Family:
Zamiaceae
Genus:
Zamia

Synonyms[2]
  • Palmifolium]] Kuntze
  • Palma-filix Adans.
  • Aulacophyllum Regel
  • Chigua D.W.Stev.
For the three species commonly called Zamia that are endemic to Western Australia, see Macrozamia riedlei, Macrozamia fraseri, and Macrozamia dyeri.

Zamia is a genus of cycad of the family Zamiaceae, native to Mexico, the West Indies, and Central and South America as far south as Bolivia.[2][3] The range of one species (Z. integrifolia, extends into the contiguous United States, i.e. Georgia and Florida.[4][5]

Zamia furfuracea leaves

The genus comprises deciduous shrubs with aerial or subterranean circular stems, often superficially resembling palms. They produce spirally arranged, pinnate leaves which are pubescent, at least when young, having branched and simple, transparent and coloured hairs. The articulated leaflets lack a midrib, and are broad with subparallel dichotomous venation. Lower leaflets are not reduced to spines, though the petioles often have prickles. The emerging leaves of many Zamia species are striking, some emerging with a reddish or bronze cast (Z. roesli is an example). Zamia picta is even more distinctive, being the only truly variegated cycad (having whitish/yellow speckles on the leaves).[6]

Zamia sporophylls are born in vertical rows in cones, and the megasporophyll apices are faceted or flattened, not spinose. The fleshy seeds are subglobular to oblong or ellipsoidal, and are red, orange, yellow or rarely white. The endosperm is haploid, derived from the female gametophyte. The embryo is straight, with two cotyledons that are usually united at the tips and a very long, spirally twisted suspensor.

The sperm of the genus are large, as is typical of cycads, and Zamia roezlii is an example; its sperm are approximately 0.4 mm long and can be seen by the unaided eye.[7]

All the species of Zamia produce leafy crowns of foliage that make them choice garden specimens and most varieties branch heavily in age to produce handsome clumps. With a few exceptions, most Zamia species are found in warm, humid, tropical rainforest habitats, growing in the forest understory. However, many species are still fairly adaptable, performing quite well in cultivation, especially in subtropical areas. All species need good drainage and protection from the cold.

At least one species, Z. pseudoparasitica, grows as an epiphyte in the branches of trees.

The name Zamia comes from the Greek azaniae, meaning "a pine cone".

Species

Accepted species:[2]

  1. Zamia acuminata Oerst.ex Dyer (Costa Rica
  2. Zamia amazonum D.W.Stev. - Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil
  3. Zamia amplifolia Hort.Bull ex Mast. - Colombia
  4. Zamia angustifolia Jacq. - The Bahamas, Cuba
  5. Zamia boliviana (Brongn.) A.DC. - Bolivia, Mato Grosso
  6. Zamia chigua Seem. - Colombia
  7. Zamia cremnophila Vovides, Schutzman & Dehgan - Tabasco
  8. Zamia cunaria Dressler & D.W.Stev. - Panama
  9. Zamia decumbens Calonje, Meerman, M.P. Griff. & Hoese - Belize
  10. Zamia disodon D.W.Stev. & Sabato - Colombia
  11. Zamia dressleri D.W.Stev. - Panama
  12. Zamia elegantissima Schutzman, Vovides & R.S.Adams - Panama
  13. Zamia encephalartoides D.W. Stev. (Colombia)
  14. Zamia erosa O.F.Cook & G.N.Collins - Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico
  15. Zamia fairchildiana L.D.Gómez - Panama, Costa Rica
  16. Zamia fischeri Miq. ex Lem. - San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tamaulipas
  17. Zamia furfuracea L.f. – Cardboard Zamia - Veracruz; naturalized in Cuba
  18. Zamia gentryi Dodson Ecuador
  19. Zamia gomeziana R.H.Acuña - Costa Rica
  20. Zamia grijalvensis Pérez-Farr., Vovides & Mart.-Camilo - Chiapas
  21. Zamia hamannii A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman - Panama
  22. Zamia herrerae Calderón & Standl. - Chiapas, El Salvador, Guatemala; possibly Nicaragua and Honduras
  23. Zamia hymenophyllidia D.W.Stev. - Colombia, Peru
  24. Zamia imperialis A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman - Panama
  25. Zamia incognita A.Lindstr. & Idárraga - Colombia
  26. Zamia inermis Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres - Veracruz
  27. Zamia integrifolia L.f. – Florida Coontie, Florida Arrowroot - Florida, Georgia, Bahamas, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Puerto Rico
  28. Zamia ipetiensis D.W.Stev. - Panama
  29. Zamia lacandona Schutzman & Vovides - Chiapas
  30. Zamia lecointei Ducke - Pará, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru
  31. Zamia lindenii Regel ex André - Peru, Ecuador
  32. Zamia lindleyi Warsz. ex A.Dietr. - Panama
  33. Zamia loddigesii Miq. Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Campeche, Chiapas, Veracruz, Puebla, Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Quintana Roo, Yucatán
  34. Zamia lucayana Britton - Bahamas
  35. Zamia macrochiera D.W.Stev. - Peru
  36. Zamia manicata Linden ex Regel - Panama, Colombia
  37. Zamia meermanii Calonje - Belize
  38. Zamia melanorrhachis D.W.Stev. - Colombia
  39. Zamia montana A.Braun - Colombia
  40. Zamia monticola Chamb. - Guatemala
  41. Zamia muricata Willd. - Colombia, Veenzuela
  42. Zamia nesophila A.S.Taylor, J.L.Haynes & Holzman - Panama
  43. Zamia neurophyllidia D.W.Stev. - Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
  44. Zamia obliqua A.Braun - Colombia
  45. Zamia onan-reyesii C.Nelson & Sandoval - Honduras
  46. Zamia oreillyi C.Nelson - Honduras
  47. Zamia paucijuga Wieland - Guerrero, Jalisco, Colima, Michoacán, Nayarit, Oaxaca
  48. Zamia poeppigiana Mart. & Eichler - Bolivia, Acre State of Brazil
  49. Zamia portoricensis Urb. - Puerto Rico
  50. Zamia prasina W.Bull - Belize, Tabasco, Yucatán Peninsula
  51. Zamia pseudomonticola L.D.Gómez - Panama, Costa Rica
  52. Zamia pseudoparasitica Yates - Panama
  53. Zamia pumila L. – Dominican Zamia - Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Florida
  54. Zamia purpurea Vovides, J.D.Rees & Vázq.Torres - Veracruz, Oaxaca
  55. Zamia pygmaea Sims - Cuba
  56. Zamia pyrophylla Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.Lindstr. - Colombia
  57. Zamia restrepoi (D.W.Stev.) A.Lindstr. - Colombia
  58. Zamia roezlii Regel ex Linden - Colombia, Ecuador
  59. Zamia sandovalii C.Nelson - Honduras
  60. Zamia skinneri Warsz. ex A.Dietr. - Panama
  61. Zamia soconuscensis Schutzman, Vovides & Dehgan - Chiapas
  62. Zamia spartea A.DC. in A.P.de Candolle - Oaxaca
  63. Zamia standleyi Schutzman - Guatemala, Honduras
  64. Zamia stricta Miq. - Cuba
  65. Zamia tolimensis Calonje, H.E.Esquivel & D.W.Stev - Colombia
  66. Zamia tuerckheimii Donn.Sm. - Guatemala
  67. Zamia ulei Dammer - Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northern Brazil
  68. Zamia urep B.Walln. - Peru
  69. Zamia variegata Warsz. - Chiapas, Belize, Guatemala
  70. Zamia vazquezii D.W.Stev., Sabato & De Luca - Veracruz
  71. Zamia verschaffeltii Miq. - Veracruz, Tabasco, Chiapas
  72. Zamia wallisii H.J.Veitch - Colombia

Formerly placed here

Notes

  1. ^ "Genus: Zamia L." Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2007-10-05. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  2. ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  3. ^ Hill, K.D. & Stevenson, D.W. (1999). A world list of Cycads, 1999. Excelsa 19: 67-72.
  4. ^ Flora of North America, vol 2, Zamia integrifolia Linnaeus f. in Aiton, Hort. Kew. 3: 478. 1789.
  5. ^ Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1958. Cycadaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatemala - Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 11–20.
  6. ^ Nicolalde-Morejón, F., A. P. Vovides & D. W. Stevenson. 2009. Taxonomic revision of Zamia in Mega-Mexico. Brittonia 61(4): 301–335.
  7. ^ Armstrong, W.P. (2008-04-03). "Botanical Record-Breakers (Part 1 of 2)". Wayne's Word. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  8. ^ "GRIN Species Records of Zamia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
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Wikispecies has information related to Zamia.

Further reading

  • Lindström, A.J. and Idárraga, Á. (2009). Zamia incognita (Zamiaceae): the exciting discovery of a new gymnosperm from Colombia. Phytotaxa 2: 29-34.
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