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Ray Strachey

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Ray Strachey
Born
Rachel Pearsall Conn Costelloe

(1887-06-04)4 June 1887
London, England
Died16 July 1940(1940-07-16) (aged 53)
Royal Free Hospital, London, England
NationalityBritish
EducationNewnham College
SpouseOliver Strachey
ChildrenBarbara and Christopher
Parent(s)Mary Berenson
Benjamin Conn "Frank" Costelloe

Ray Strachey (born Rachel Pearsall Conn Costelloe; 4 June 1887 – 16 July 1940) was a British feminist politician, artist and writer.[1]

Early life

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Her father was Irish barrister Benjamin "Frank" Conn Costelloe, and her mother was art historian Mary Berenson. She was the elder of the two girls in her family. Her younger sister was the psychologist Karin Stephen, née Costelloe, who married Adrian Stephen, Virginia Woolf's younger brother, in 1914. Ray was educated at Kensington high school and at Newnham College, Cambridge, where she achieved third class in part one of the mathematical tripos (1908).

Like some other female Mathematics graduates of the time, such as Margaret Dorothea Rowbotham and Margaret Partridge, Strachey developed an interest in engineering. She was discouraged by her mother Mary Berensen[2] but nevertheless she took an electrical engineering class at Oxford University in 1910[3] and planned to study electrical engineering at the Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute in October 1910. She wrote to her aunt "I have decided to go to London next winter for my engineering" and that she had been encouraged and helped by Hertha Ayrton.[3] She abandoned her plan due to marriage, but maintained her involvement with the Society of Women Welders which she had helped to found.[4]

Career

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Ray Costelloe and others on the suffrage caravan tour from Scotland to Oxford in 1908
Millicent Fawcett, Agnes Garrett, Miss Fawcett and Ray Strachey after Royal Assent to the Equal Franchise Act in 1928

For most of her life, Strachey worked for women's suffrage organisations, starting when she was studying at Cambridge, when she joined what became known as the Mud March in February 1907 and addressing meetings in summer 1907.[2] She took part in the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) Caravan tour in July 1908.[5] The caravan tour was organised by Newnham College students that began in Scotland. The caravan was pulled by a horse and driven by a man. The caravan travelled from place to place and the caravan would by redirected to good places to stay by outriders on bicycles. The caravan had campbeds and a tent that allowed five or six to sleep. They toured into Keswick and the north of England and they would give talks about women's suffrage. The caravan visited Oxford, Stratford and Warwick. They argued the case for women to get the vote, but they avoided talking about their ambitions of getting women to be members of parliament as this was too radical. The women on the caravan included Strachey and EM Gardner. The tour finished in the East Midlands at Derby where they attracted a crowd on 1,000 people.[6]

Most of Strachey's publications are non-fiction and deal with suffrage issues. She is most often remembered for her book The Cause (1928). Her papers are held at The Women's Library at the London School of Economics.[7]

Strachey worked closely with Millicent Fawcett, sharing her Liberal feminist values and opposing any attempt to integrate the suffrage movement with the Labour Party. In 1915 she became parliamentary secretary of the NUWSS, serving in this role until 1920.[8]

Strachey took great interest in the employment of women in engineering occupations. In 1919 women found themselves excluded by law from most jobs in the engineering industry under the Restoration of Pre-War Practices Act 1919. Strachey campaigned on behalf of the Society of Women Welders in 1920 for women to remain in the trade.[9] In 1922 Strachey also created a company to build small mud houses to help the housing shortage, based on a 1922 prototype known as "Copse Cottage" (but referred to as "Mud House".[10] Women were employed to assemble them but there were problems with sourcing the correct clay and the chimney builders refused to co-operate. The Mavat company did exhibit a bungalow in 1925 at the Women's Arts & Crafts Exhibition at Central Hall in London. Strachey was defeated but she found work for all the women involved.[11]

In her book Women's Suffrage and Women's Service[12] she described the setting up by the London Society for Women's Service of a school for Oxy-Acetylene Welding. In 1937 she wrote about women's employment in professional and trade roles in Careers and Openings for Women.[13]

After the Great War, when some women were granted the vote, and women could stand for parliament, she stood as an Independent parliamentary candidate at Brentford and Chiswick on the General Elections in 1918, 1922 and 1923, without success. She rejected the attempt by Eleanor Rathbone to establish a broad-based feminist programme in the 1920s. In 1931 she became parliamentary secretary to Britain's first woman MP to take her seat, Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, and in 1935 Strachey became the head of the Women's Employment Federation. She also made regular radio broadcasts for the BBC.

Brentford & Chiswick within the Middlesex, showing boundaries used from 1918 to 1923
General Election 1918: Brentford & Chiswick[14] Electorate 26,409
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Coalition Unionist Walter Grant Peterson Morden 9,077
Labour William Haywood 2,620
Independent Rachel Strachey 1,263
Majority
Turnout
Unionist win
General Election 1922: Brentford & Chiswick[14] Electorate 27,960
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Unionist Walter Grant Peterson Morden 10,150
Independent Rachel Strachey 7,804
Majority
Turnout
Unionist hold Swing
General Election 1923: Brentford & Chiswick[14] Electorate 28,245
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Unionist Walter Grant Peterson Morden 9,648
Independent Rachel Strachey 4,828
Labour William Haywood 3,216
Majority
Turnout
Unionist hold Swing

Family

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She married at Cambridge on 31 May 1911 the civil servant Oliver Strachey, with whom she had two children, Barbara (born 1912, later a writer) and Christopher (born 1916, later a pioneer computer scientist). Oliver Strachey was the elder brother of the biographer Lytton Strachey of the Bloomsbury group; other siblings in the Strachey family included psychoanalyst James Strachey, novelist Dorothy Bussy, and educationist Pernel Strachey. Ray's mother-in-law was Jane Maria Strachey, a well-known author and supporter of women's suffrage who co-led the suffragist Mud March of 1907 in London.[citation needed] Her sister-in-law was the British suffragist, Pippa Strachey.

Strachey's daughter, Barbara, was interviewed about her mother and the wider Strachey family by the historian, Brian Harrison, as part of his Suffrage Interviews project, titled Oral evidence on the suffragette and suffragist movements: the Brian Harrison interviews.[15] There is a 3 part interview from January 1977 and a single interview from August 1979. The interviews include reflections on their home, Mud House, and on Ray's relationships with her husband, mother and sister-in-law, Pippa.

Ray and Oliver's niece, Ursula Margaret Wentzel, nee Strachey (Ursula’s Father, Ralph, was Oliver’s brother) was interviewed about Ray (and Pippa) in March 1977 and talks about Ray's Marsham Street home and her practical skills.

Art

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Painting by Ray Strachey of her sister-in-law Pernel Strachey.

Strachey painted her sister-in-law, Pernel Strachey, around the year 1930, and the young Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Dadie Rylands at about the same time. Both paintings are in the National Portrait Gallery in London.[16]

Death

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She died in the Royal Free Hospital in London in her early fifties of heart failure, following an operation to remove a fibroid tumor.[17]

Posthumous recognition

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Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in April 2018.[18][19][20]

Publications

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  • The World at Eighteen
  • Marching On
  • Shaken By The Wind

Biographies

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Non-fiction about women's roles

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  • Women's suffrage and women's service: The history of the London and National Society for Women's Service (1927)
  • The Cause: a Short History of Women's Movement in Great Britain
  • Careers and Openings for Women
  • Our Freedom and Its Results

References

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  1. ^ Brown, Susan (2008). "Ray Strachey entry". Susan Brown, Patricia Clements, Isobel Grundy (The Orlando Project). Retrieved 12 January 2010.
  2. ^ a b Holmes, Jennifer (12 February 2019). A working woman : the remarkable life of Ray Strachey. Troubador Publishing. ISBN 9781789016543. OCLC 1094626302.
  3. ^ a b Fara, Patricia, auteur. (5 January 2018). A lab of one's own : science and suffrage in the first World War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192514165. OCLC 1083355834.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Law, Cheryl (2000). "Demobilisation: 1918-1922". Suffrage and power : the women's movement, 1918-1928. I.B. Tauris. p. 76. ISBN 1860644783. OCLC 845364951.
  5. ^ "The Suffragist Caravanners". The National Motor Museum Trust. 22 May 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  6. ^ Slack, Sue (15 September 2018). Cambridge Women and the Struggle for the Vote. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 62-68. ISBN 978-1-4456-8550-2.
  7. ^ Willis, Angela (23 July 2018). "Ray Costelloe - On the Road for the Cause". The National Motor Museum Trust. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  8. ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  9. ^ Thom, Deborah. (2000). "Passengers for the War". Nice girls and rude girls. I.B. Tauris. p. 189. ISBN 1860644775. OCLC 893459019.
  10. ^ National Portrait Gallery. "Mud House being build - home of Ray Strachey". National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  11. ^ "Architects, Builders and Garden Cities | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  12. ^ Fawcett Society. (1927). Women's Suffrage and Women's Service. The history of the London and National Society for Women's Service. By Ray Strachey. [With plates, including portraits.] OCLC 562018189.
  13. ^ Strachey, Ray (1937). Careers and openings for women ... Faber and Faber Ltd. OCLC 37909293.
  14. ^ a b c British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, FWS Craig
  15. ^ London School of Economics and Political Science. "The Suffrage Interviews". London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  16. ^ Wade, Francesca (23 January 2020). "Francesca Wade · Much of a Scramble: Ray Strachey · LRB 13 January 2020". London Review of Books. 42 (2). Retrieved 4 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Historic statue of suffragist leader Millicent Fawcett unveiled in Parliament Square". Gov.uk. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  18. ^ Topping, Alexandra (24 April 2018). "First statue of a woman in Parliament Square unveiled". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  19. ^ "Millicent Fawcett statue unveiling: the women and men whose names will be on the plinth". iNews. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
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