Lists of monarchs in the British Isles and William Harvey: Difference between pages
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<b>William Harvey</b> ([[April 1]], [[1578]] - [[June 3]], [[1657]]) was a doctor at [[St. Bartholomew's hospital]] in [[London]] (1609-43) and a Fellow of the [[Royal College of Physicians]]. Born in [[Folkestone]], Harvey studied at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], receiving a BA in [[1597]], and then he studied medicine at the prestigious University of [[Padua]] under Fabricius, graduating in [[1602]]. He returned to England and married Elizabeth Brown, daughter of the court physician to [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. |
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[[fr:Monarques de Grande-Bretagne]]This is a list of [[British monarch]]s, that is, the [[monarch]]s on the thrones of the various kingdoms that have existed on the island of Great Britain, namely |
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He is remembered for his [[1628]] work ''Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus'' (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), where, based on scientific methodology, he argued for the idea that [[blood]] was pumped around the body by the [[heart]] before returning to the heart and being recirculated in a closed system. |
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* [[England]] (and the previous smaller kingdoms that covered its area) up to 1707; |
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* [[Scotland]] up to 1707; |
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* [[Great Britain]] (when England & Scotland merged in 1707); |
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* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (when Great Britain and Ireland merged in 1801) |
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* [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] (The UK after the Irish Free existed and became a separate kingdom in the 1920s). |
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This clashed with the accepted [[Galen]]ic model which identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle. While arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed, no blood returned to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves. |
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Nor can this list be exhaustive. For succession to the many thrones often did not pass smoothly from parent to child; lack of heirs, civil wars, murders and invasions affected the inheritance in ways that a simple list does not show. |
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The relationships that formed the basis for claims to throne are noted where we know them, and the dates of reign indicated. |
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Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled. |
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==Scottish monarchs== |
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[[Kings of the Picts]] |
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[[Kings of the Scots]] |
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Harvey's ideas were not accepted during his life-time. His work was attacked, notably by Jean Riolan in ''Opuscula anatomica'' ([[1649]]) which forced Harvey to defend himself in ''Exercitatio anatomica de circulatione sanguinis'' (also [[1649]]) where he argued that Riolan's position was contrary to all observational evidence. Harvey was still regarded as a excellent doctor, he was personal physician to [[James I of England|James I]] (1618-25) and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (1625-47) and the Lumleian lecturer to the Royal College of Physicians (1615-56). [[Marcello Malpighi]] later proved that Harvey's ideas on anantomical structure were correct; Harvey had been unable to distinguish the [[capillary]] network and so could only theorize on how the transfer of blood from [[artery]] to [[vein]] occurred. |
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The kingdom of [[Scotland]] is taken to have begun when Kenneth mac Alpin became king of the [[Picts]] and the [[Scotti|Scots]]. |
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Even so Harvey's work had little effect on general medical practice at the time - [[Blood letting]], an idea based on the incorrect theories of Galen, continued to be a popular practice. Harvey's work did much to encourage others to investigate the questions raised by his research. He also wrote ''De Generatione'' ([[1651]]), a Aristotelian exposition on mammalian generation. |
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* [[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]] ([[843]]-[[858]]) |
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* his brother, [[Donald I of Scotland|Donald I]] ([[858]]-[[862]]) |
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* Kenneth I's son, [[Constantine I of Scotland|Constantine I]] ([[862]]-[[877]]) |
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* Kenneth I's son, [[Aed I of Scotland|Aed]] ([[877]]-[[878]]) |
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* his nephew, [[Eochaid I of Scotland|Eochaid]] ([[878]]-[[889]]) |
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* Constantine I's son, [[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]] ([[889]]-[[900]]) |
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* Aed I's son, [[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]] ([[900]]-[[943]]) |
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* Donald II's son, [[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm I]] ([[943]]-[[954]]) |
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* Constantine II's son, [[Indulf I of Scotland|Indulf]] ([[954]]-[[962]]) |
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* Malcolm I's son, [[Dubh I of Scotland|Dubh]] ([[962]]-[[966]]) |
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* Indulf's son, [[Culen I of Scotland|Culen]] ([[966]]-[[971]]) |
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* Malcolm I's son, [[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]] ([[971]]-[[995]]) |
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* Culen I's son, [[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]] ([[995]]-[[997]]) |
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* Dubh I's son, [[Kenneth III of Scotland|Kenneth III]] ([[997]]-[[1005]]) |
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* Kenneth II's son, [[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]] ([[1005]]-[[1034]]) |
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* Malcolm II's grandson, [[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]] ([[1034]]-[[1040]]) |
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* Malcolm II's grandson, [[Macbeth I of Scotland|Macbeth]] ([[1040]]-[[1057]]) |
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* Kenneth III's grandson, [[Lulach I of Scotland|Lulach]] ([[1057]]-[[1058]]) |
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===The [[House of Canmore]]=== |
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* Duncan I's son, [[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]] ([[1058]]-[[1093]]) |
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* Duncan I's son, [[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]] ([[1093]]-[[1094]] and [[1094]]-[[1097]]) |
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* Malcolm III's son, [[Duncan II]] ([[1094]]) |
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* Malcolm III's son, [[Edgar I of Scotland|Edgar]] ([[1097]]-[[1107]]) |
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* Malcolm III's son, [[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]] ([[1107]]-[[1124]]) |
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* Malcolm III's son, [[David I of Scotland|David I]] ([[1124]]-[[1153]]) |
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* David I's grandson, [[Malcolm IV of Scotland|Malcolm IV]] ([[1153]]-[[1165]]) |
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* David I's grandson, [[William I of Scotland|William I]] ([[1165]]-[[1214]]) |
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* his son, [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]] ([[1214]]-[[1249]]) |
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* his son, [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]] ([[1249]]-[[1286]]) |
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* his granddaughter, [[Margaret I of Scotland|Margaret]] ([[1286]]-[[1290]]) |
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===The [[Wars of Scottish Independence]]=== |
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When Margaret died, there was no clear heir, and King [[Edward I of England]] took over, installing a puppet. |
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* David I's 3x(great)grandson, [[John I of Scotland|John Balliol]] ([[1292]]-[[1296]]) |
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John Balliol rebelled, and Scotland was plunged into war. |
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In the end, independence was secured under a new dynasty. |
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===The [[House of Bruce]]=== |
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* David I's 4x(great)grandson, [[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I]] ([[1306]]-[[1329]]) |
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* his son, [[David II of Scotland|David II]] ([[1329]]-[[1371]]) |
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=== The [[House of Balliol]] === |
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* John Balliol's son [[Edward of Scotland|Edward Balliol]] ([[1332]]-[[1338]]) |
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===The [[House of Stewart]] (Stuart)=== |
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* Robert I's grandson, [[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]] ([[1371]]-[[1390]]) |
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* his son, [[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]] ([[1390]]-[[1406]]) |
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* his son, [[James I of Scotland|James I]] ([[1406]]-[[1437]]) |
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* his son, [[James II of Scotland|James II]] ([[1437]]-[[1460]]) |
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* his son, [[James III of Scotland|James III]] ([[1460]]-[[1488]]) |
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* his son, [[James IV of Scotland|James IV]] ([[1488]]-[[1513]]) |
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* his son, [[James V of Scotland|James V]] ([[1513]]-[[1542]]) |
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* his daughter, [[Mary I of Scotland|Mary]] ([[1542]]-[[1567]]) |
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* her son, [[James I of England|James VI]] ([[1567]]-[[1625]]) |
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* his son, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] ([[1625]]-[[1649]]) |
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* his son, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] ([[1660]]-[[1685]]) |
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* Charles I's son, [[James II of England|James VII]] ([[1685]]-[[1688]]) |
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===The [[House of Orange]]=== |
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* his daughter, [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] ([[1689]]-[[1694]]) and her husband [[William III of England|William III]] ([[1689]]-[[1702]]), reigned together during Mary's life as "William and Mary" |
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In [[1707]], with the [[Act of Union]], the thrones of England and Scotland were formally united as the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], keeping the numbering system of England. |
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See '''GB''' and '''UK''' monarchs below. |
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==Rulers of Wales== |
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Prior to 1282, [[Wales]] was independent of England, consisting of a number of separate principalities. |
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See [[List of rulers of Wales]] for full details. |
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==English monarchs== |
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[[Kings of Essex]] |
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===The [[Bretwalda]]=== |
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The Bretwalda were chosen from among the rulers of the various [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] kingdoms of [[England]]. |
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There was not always a Bretwalda. |
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* [[Aelle of Sussex|Ælle of Sussex]] ([[477]]-[[514]]) |
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* [[Cerdic of Wessex]] ([[519]]-[[534]]) |
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* his grandson, [[Cynric of Wessex]] ([[534]]-[[560]]) |
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* his son, [[Ceawlin of Wessex]] ([[560]]-[[591]]) |
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* [[Ethelbert of Kent]] ([[591]]-[[616]]) |
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* [[Raedwald of East Anglia]] ([[616]]-[[627]]) |
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* [[Edwin of Deira]] ([[627]]-[[632]]) |
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* [[Oswald of Bernicia]] ([[633]]-[[641]]) |
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* [[Oswiu of Northumbria]] ([[641]]-[[670]]) |
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* [[Ethelbald of Mercia|Æthelbald of Mercia]] (c[[735]]-[[757]]) |
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* Æthelbald's cousin, [[Offa of Mercia]] ([[757]]-[[796]]) |
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* Ceawlin's 7x(great)-grandson, [[Egbert of Wessex]] ([[829]]-[[839]]) |
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* his son, [[Ethelwulf of Wessex]] ([[839]]-[[855]]) |
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* his son, [[Ethelbald of Wessex]] ([[855]]-[[860]]) |
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* Ethelwulf's son, [[Ethelbert of Wessex]] ([[860]]-[[866]]) |
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* Ethelwulf's son, [[Ethelred of Wessex]] ([[866]]-[[871]]) |
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===The Saxon kings=== |
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By this time, the kings of [[Wessex]] had become established as kings of England. |
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* Ethelwulf's son, [[Alfred the Great|Ælfred (Alfred) the Great]] ([[871]]-[[899]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward the Elder]] ([[899]]-[[924]]) |
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* his son, [[Athelstan of England|Athelstan]] ([[924]]-[[939]]) |
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* Edward's son, [[Edmund I of England|Edmund I]] ([[939]]-[[946]]) |
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* Edward's son, [[Edred of England|Edred]] ([[946]]-[[955]]) |
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* Edmund's son, [[Edwy of England|Edwy]] ([[955]]-[[959]]) |
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* Edmund's son, [[Edgar of England|Edgar]] ([[959]]-[[975]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward the Martyr]] ([[975]]-[[978]]) |
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* Edgar's son, [[Ethelred II of England|Ethelred II]] ([[978]]-[[1016]]) |
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* his son, [[Edmund II of England|Edmund II]] ([[1016]]) |
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===The [[Danelaw]]=== |
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For a period of time, both Danish and Saxon kings claimed the throne of England. |
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* [[Sweyn I of Denmark|Svein]], also King of [[Denmark]] ([[1013]]-[[1014]]) |
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* his son, [[Canute the Great|Canute I]] ([[1014]]-[[1035]]) |
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* his illegitimate son, [[Harold Harefoot|Harold I]] ([[1035]]-[[1040]]) |
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* Canute's son, [[Harthacanute|Canute II]] ([[1040]]-[[1042]]) |
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===The Saxon restoration=== |
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* Ethelred II's son and Canute II's half-brother, [[Edward the Confessor]] ([[1042]]-[[1066]]) |
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* his brother-in-law and Sweyn I's grand-nephew, [[Harold Godwinson|Harold II]] ([[1066]]) |
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* Edmund II's grandson, [[Edgar Atheling|Edgar Ætheling]], uncrowned ([[1066]]) |
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===The [[Normans|Norman]] kings=== |
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After the [[Norman Conquest]] in [[1066]], numbering of kings began anew; this affected only the Edwards. |
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* Edward III's and Canute II's first cousin twice removed, [[William I of England|William I]] ([[1066]]-[[1087]]) |
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* his son, [[William II of England|William II]] ([[1087]]-[[1100]]) |
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* William I's son, [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] ([[1100]]-[[1135]]) |
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* William I's grandson, [[Stephen I of England|Stephen]] ([[1135]]-[[1154]]) |
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===The Angevins or [[Plantagenet]]s=== |
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* Henry I's daughter, [[Matilda I of England|Matilda]], uncrowned ([[1141]]) |
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* Matilda's son, [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] ([[1154]]-[[1189]]) |
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* his son, [[Richard I of England|Richard I]] ([[1189]]-[[1199]]) |
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* Henry II's son, [[John I of England|John]] ([[1199]]-[[1216]]) |
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* his son, [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] ([[1216]]-[[1272]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ([[1272]]-[[1307]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] ([[1307]]-[[1327]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] ([[1327]]-[[1377]]) |
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* his grandson, [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] ([[1377]]-[[1399]]) |
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===The [[House of Lancaster]]=== |
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* Edward III's grandson, [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] ([[1399]]-[[1413]]) |
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* his son, [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] ([[1413]]-[[1422]]) |
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* his son, [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] ([[1422]]-[[1461]] and [[1470]]-[[1471]]) |
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The Houses of Lancaster and York fought the [[Wars of the Roses]] over the English crown. |
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===The [[House of York]]=== |
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* Edward III's great-great-grandson, [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]] ([[1461]]-[[1470]] and [[1471]]-[[1483]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward V of England|Edward V]], uncrowned ([[1483]]) |
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* Edward IV's brother, [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] ([[1483]]-[[1485]]) |
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===The [[House of Tudor]]=== |
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* Edward III's 2x(great)grandson and Edward IV's son-in-law, [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] ([[1485]]-[[1509]]) |
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* his son, [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] ([[1509]]-[[1547]]) |
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* his son, [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] ([[1547]]-[[1553]]) |
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* Henry VII's great-granddaughter, [[Lady Jane Grey]], uncrowned ([[1553]]) |
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* Henry VIII's daughter, [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] ([[1553]]-[[1558]]) |
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* Henry VIII's daughter, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] ([[1558]]-[[1603]]) |
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===The [[House of Stuart]]=== |
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* Henry VII's great-great-grandson, [[James I of England|James I]], also King of Scotland, ([[1603]]-[[1625]]) |
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* his son, [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] ([[1625]]-[[1649]]) |
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===The [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] and Protectorate=== |
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There was no king between Charles I's execution in 1649 and the restoration in 1660, but there were two [[Lord Protector|Lords Protector]] during the Protectorate. |
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* [[Oliver Cromwell]] ([[1653]]-[[1658]]) |
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* his son, [[Richard Cromwell]] ([[1658]]-[[1659]]) |
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===The Stuart restoration=== |
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* Charles I's son, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] ([[1660]]-[[1685]]) |
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* Charles I's son, [[James II of England|James II]] ([[1685]]-[[1688]]) |
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===The [[House of Orange]]=== |
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* his daughter, [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] ([[1689]]-[[1694]]) and her husband [[William III of England|William III]] ([[1689]]-[[1702]]), reigned together during Mary's life as "William and Mary" |
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==GB monarchs== |
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In [[1707]], with the [[Act of Union]], the thrones of England and Scotland were formally united as the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. |
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===The [[House of Stuart]]=== |
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* The daughter of James (II of England; VII of Scotland), [[Anne I of Great Britain|Anne I]] ([[1702]]-[[1714]]) |
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===The [[House of Hanover]]=== |
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* James I's great-grandson, [[George I of Great Britain|George I]] ([[1714]]-[[1727]]) |
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* his son, [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] ([[1727]]-[[1760]]) |
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==UK Monarchs== |
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In 1801, the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merged to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] |
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<i>(George III's reigns spanned both the separate kingdoms and their merged entity. For clarity and ease of use, Wikipedia has placed George III as 'George III of the United Kingdom')</i> |
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* his grandson, [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] ([[1760]]-[[1820]]) |
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* his son, [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] ([[1820]]-[[1830]]) |
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* George III's son, [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]] ([[1830]]-[[1837]]) |
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===The [[House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]]=== |
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* George III's granddaughter, [[Victoria I of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] ([[1837]]-[[1901]]) |
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* her son, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]] ([[1901]]-[[1910]]) |
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===The [[House of Windsor]]=== |
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The name of the royal house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was changed to Windsor in [[1917]] due to anti-German feelings aroused by [[World War I]]. |
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* his son, [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] ([[1910]]-[[1936]]) |
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<i>The Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in 1922. The name of the UK was changed to reflect that change, becoming the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland' in 1927. Note also: from 1927, each dominion in the [[British Commonwealth|Commonwealth]] became a separate kingdom, with George V as native king in each. Hence, in 1927, he became 'King of Ireland', 'King of Australia,' King of Canada' etc. </i> |
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* his son, [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] ([[1936]]) |
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* George V's son, [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] ([[1936]]-[[1952]]) |
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* his daughter, [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] ([[1952]]-) |
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---- |
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See also Wikipedia's other [[lists of incumbents]]. |
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Revision as of 14:58, 23 December 2002
William Harvey (April 1, 1578 - June 3, 1657) was a doctor at St. Bartholomew's hospital in London (1609-43) and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. Born in Folkestone, Harvey studied at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, receiving a BA in 1597, and then he studied medicine at the prestigious University of Padua under Fabricius, graduating in 1602. He returned to England and married Elizabeth Brown, daughter of the court physician to Elizabeth I.
He is remembered for his 1628 work Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (An Anatomical Exercise on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals), where, based on scientific methodology, he argued for the idea that blood was pumped around the body by the heart before returning to the heart and being recirculated in a closed system.
This clashed with the accepted Galenic model which identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood, each with distinct and separate functions. Growth and energy were derived from venous blood created in the liver from chyle. While arterial blood gave vitality by containing pneuma (air) and originated in the heart. Blood flowed from both creating organs to all parts of the body where it was consumed, no blood returned to the heart or liver. The heart did not pump blood around, the heart's motion sucked blood in during diastole and the blood moved by the pulsation of the arteries themselves.
Galen believed that the arterial blood was created by venous blood passing from the left ventricle to the right by passing through 'pores' in the interventricular septum, air passed from the lungs via the pulmonary artery to the left side of the heart. As the arterial blood was created 'sooty' vapors were created and passed to the lungs also via the pulmonary artery to be exhaled.
Harvey's ideas were not accepted during his life-time. His work was attacked, notably by Jean Riolan in Opuscula anatomica (1649) which forced Harvey to defend himself in Exercitatio anatomica de circulatione sanguinis (also 1649) where he argued that Riolan's position was contrary to all observational evidence. Harvey was still regarded as a excellent doctor, he was personal physician to James I (1618-25) and Charles I (1625-47) and the Lumleian lecturer to the Royal College of Physicians (1615-56). Marcello Malpighi later proved that Harvey's ideas on anantomical structure were correct; Harvey had been unable to distinguish the capillary network and so could only theorize on how the transfer of blood from artery to vein occurred.
Even so Harvey's work had little effect on general medical practice at the time - Blood letting, an idea based on the incorrect theories of Galen, continued to be a popular practice. Harvey's work did much to encourage others to investigate the questions raised by his research. He also wrote De Generatione (1651), a Aristotelian exposition on mammalian generation.