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[[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Prince]] '''Eugenio Ruspoli''' ([[Munteni|Țigănești]], 6 January 1866 – near Burgi, [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbkBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA600|journal=[[Scottish Geographical Magazine|The Scottish Geographical Magazine]]|volume=13|year=1897|title=Geographical Notes|page=600}}</ref> 4 December 1893) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[explorer]] and [[naturalist]]. He was the author of the book ''Nel Paese della Mirra'', published in 1892.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku80AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover|last=Ruspoli|first=Eugenio|title=Nel Paese della Mirra|publisher=Tipografia Cooperativa Romana|location=[[Rome]]|year=1892}}</ref>
[[Princes of the Holy Roman Empire|Prince]] '''Eugenio Ruspoli''' ([[Munteni|Țigănești]], 6 January 1866 – near Burgi, [[Italian Somaliland|Somalia]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbkBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA600|journal=[[Scottish Geographical Magazine|The Scottish Geographical Magazine]]|volume=13|year=1897|title=Geographical Notes|page=600}}</ref> 4 December 1893) was an [[Italy|Italian]] [[explorer]] and [[naturalist]]. He was the author of the book ''Nel Paese della Mirra'', published in 1892.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ku80AQAAMAAJ|last=Ruspoli|first=Eugenio|title=Nel Paese della Mirra|publisher=Tipografia Cooperativa Romana|location=[[Rome]]|year=1892}}</ref>


== Biography ==
== Biography ==
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[[File:S M in Aracoeli - tomba don Eugenio Ruspoli P1060752.JPG|thumb|right|Rome, Tomb of Don Eugenio Ruspoli at the [[Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli]].]]
[[File:S M in Aracoeli - tomba don Eugenio Ruspoli P1060752.JPG|thumb|right|Rome, Tomb of Don Eugenio Ruspoli at the [[Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli]].]]


Prince Eugenio Ruspoli was inspired to explore Africa by meeting the [[Poland|Polish]] Count Frackenstein. His expeditions were financed by his father.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EColDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|last=Finaldi|first=Giuseppe|title=A History of Italian Colonialism, 1860-1907: Europe's Last Empire|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2017|location=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]]|isbn=978-1-315-52025-4|page=27}}</ref> He first explored [[Ethiopia]] and Somalia beginning in 1891. Traveling southwards from [[Berbera]],<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cana|first=Frank Richardson|title=[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somaliland|Somaliland]]|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]|date=|year=1911|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]]|id=|page=380}}</ref> he crossed the [[Ogaden]] to the [[Shebelle River]]. He brought important zoological, botanical, mineralogical and ethnographic materials back to Italy. These collections included 183 birds, including specimens of four newly discovered species.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8EyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA564|journal=[[The Ibis]]|title=Notices of recent Ornithological Publications|year=1894|volume=VI|page=564}}</ref> His second expedition took place from 1892 to 1893, when he passed through [[Bardera]] on 3 April 1892, in order to confirm a convention stipulating the [[Kingdom of Italy]]'s [[protectorate]] over the region. He then descended the [[Jubba River]] as far as [[Dolo, Ethiopia|Dolo]] and explored the interior of the country, discovering [[Lake Chamo]], which he named "Lake Umberto" in honor of King [[Umberto I of Italy]]. He also reached Lugh from the north.<ref name="EB"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdzFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|last=Etefa|first=Tsega|title=Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2012|location=New York|page=115}}</ref> During his expeditions, Ruspoli and his indigenous companions massacred natives and robbed villages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/throughunknowna00smitgoog|last=Smith|first=Arthur Donaldson|authorlink=Arthur Donaldson Smith|title=Through Unknown African Countries: The First Expedition from Somaliland to Lake Rudolf|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]]|year=1897|location=London, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/throughunknowna00smitgoog/page/n25 2], 152–153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NpTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|last=Gerrand|first=Vivian|title=Possible Spaces of Somali Belonging|publisher=[[Melbourne University Publishing]]|year=2016|isbn=9780522869309|page=31}}</ref>
Prince Eugenio Ruspoli was inspired to explore Africa by meeting the [[Poland|Polish]] Count Frackenstein. His expeditions were financed by his father.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EColDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|last=Finaldi|first=Giuseppe|title=A History of Italian Colonialism, 1860-1907: Europe's Last Empire|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2017|location=[[London]], [[New York City|New York]]|isbn=978-1-315-52025-4|page=27}}</ref> He first explored [[Ethiopia]] and Somalia beginning in 1891. Traveling southwards from [[Berbera]],<ref name="EB">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Cana|first=Frank Richardson|title=[[s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somaliland|Somaliland]]|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]|year=1911|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=[[Cambridge]]|id=|page=380}}</ref> he crossed the [[Ogaden]] to the [[Shebelle River]]. He brought important zoological, botanical, mineralogical and ethnographic materials back to Italy. These collections included 183 birds, including specimens of four newly discovered species.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x8EyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA564|journal=[[The Ibis]]|title=Notices of recent Ornithological Publications|year=1894|volume=VI|page=564}}</ref> His second expedition took place from 1892 to 1893, when he passed through [[Bardera]] on 3 April 1892, in order to confirm a convention stipulating the [[Kingdom of Italy]]'s [[protectorate]] over the region. He then descended the [[Jubba River]] as far as [[Dolo, Ethiopia|Dolo]] and explored the interior of the country, discovering [[Lake Chamo]], which he named "Lake Umberto" in honor of King [[Umberto I of Italy]]. He also reached Lugh from the north.<ref name="EB"/><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdzFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|last=Etefa|first=Tsega|title=Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2012|location=New York|page=115|isbn=9781137091635}}</ref> During his expeditions, Ruspoli and his indigenous companions massacred natives and robbed villages.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/throughunknowna00smitgoog|last=Smith|first=Arthur Donaldson|authorlink=Arthur Donaldson Smith|title=Through Unknown African Countries: The First Expedition from Somaliland to Lake Rudolf|publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]]|year=1897|location=London, New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/throughunknowna00smitgoog/page/n25 2], 152–153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NpTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|last=Gerrand|first=Vivian|title=Possible Spaces of Somali Belonging|publisher=[[Melbourne University Publishing]]|year=2016|isbn=9780522869309|page=31}}</ref>


Ruspoli died, unmarried and without heirs, in a hunting accident near Burgi, in Somalia. Along with [[Vittorio Bottego]], he was attempting to travel up the Jubba River to [[Lake Rudolph]]. Ruspoli was killed {{Convert|150|miles}} from his destination on 4 December 1893.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8HcgKqIhdAC&pg=PA17|last1=Ash|first1=John|authorlink1=John Ash (ornithologist)|last2=Atkins|first2=John|title=Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea: An Atlas of Distribution|publisher=[[Christopher Helm]]|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4081-0979-3|page=17}}</ref> According to the account American explorer [[Arthur Donaldson Smith]] heard from one of the [[Amhara people]], Ruspoli fired at an [[elephant]] which grasped him in its trunk, swung him about in the air and then trampled him to death. He was buried among the graves of Amhara chiefs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZ8LU8rCx28C&pg=PA214 Smith (1897), p. 214]</ref> The lake he had discovered was later renamed Ruspoli by Bottego.
Ruspoli died, unmarried and without heirs, in a hunting accident near Burgi, in Somalia. Along with [[Vittorio Bottego]], he was attempting to travel up the Jubba River to [[Lake Rudolph]]. Ruspoli was killed {{Convert|150|miles}} from his destination on 4 December 1893.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8HcgKqIhdAC&pg=PA17|last1=Ash|first1=John|authorlink1=John Ash (ornithologist)|last2=Atkins|first2=John|title=Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea: An Atlas of Distribution|publisher=[[Christopher Helm]]|location=London|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4081-0979-3|page=17}}</ref> According to the account American explorer [[Arthur Donaldson Smith]] heard from one of the [[Amhara people]], Ruspoli fired at an [[elephant]] which grasped him in its trunk, swung him about in the air and then trampled him to death. He was buried among the graves of Amhara chiefs.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZ8LU8rCx28C&pg=PA214 Smith (1897), p. 214]</ref> The lake he had discovered was later renamed Ruspoli by Bottego.


In 1896, ornithologist [[Tommaso Salvadori]] named [[Ruspoli's turaco]] after him. This bird had been collected by Ruspoli in 1892 or 1893, but the precise location and date of its collection are unknown due to Ruspoli's untimely death and failure to leave notes.<ref name="Beolens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selamta.net/birds.htm|title=Endemic Birds of Ethiopia|year=2012|work=www.selamta.net|accessdate=12 July 2017}}</ref> Along with his traveling companion, Domenico Riva, Ruspoli also discovered the [[orchid]] ''Aerangis somalensis''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9aCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|last=Stewart|first=J.|title=Orchids of Africa: A Select Review|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Press Ltd]]|year=1981|location=London, [[Basingstoke]]|isbn=978-1-349-06230-0|page=110}}</ref> Many years later, his nephew Marescotti Ruspoli (who died at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]] in 1942) found Ruspoli's tomb in Somalia and brought back his remains, which were buried in May 1928 in the [[Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli]] in [[Rome]].
In 1896, ornithologist [[Tommaso Salvadori]] named [[Ruspoli's turaco]] after him. This bird had been collected by Ruspoli in 1892 or 1893, but the precise location and date of its collection are unknown due to Ruspoli's untimely death and failure to leave notes.<ref name="Beolens"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.selamta.net/birds.htm|title=Endemic Birds of Ethiopia|year=2012|work=www.selamta.net|access-date=12 July 2017}}</ref> Along with his traveling companion, Domenico Riva, Ruspoli also discovered the [[orchid]] ''Aerangis somalensis''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l9aCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|last=Stewart|first=J.|title=Orchids of Africa: A Select Review|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|The Macmillan Press Ltd]]|year=1981|location=London, [[Basingstoke]]|isbn=978-1-349-06230-0|page=110}}</ref> Many years later, his nephew Marescotti Ruspoli (who died at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]] in 1942) found Ruspoli's tomb in Somalia and brought back his remains, which were buried in May 1928 in the [[Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli]] in [[Rome]].


Streets in [[Genoa]] and [[Padua]] are also named after Ruspoli.
Streets in [[Genoa]] and [[Padua]] are also named after Ruspoli.

Revision as of 22:25, 6 April 2021

Eugenio Ruspoli
Born(1866-01-06)6 January 1866
Țigănești, Galați County, Romania
Died4 December 1893(1893-12-04) (aged 27)
near Burgi, Somalia
NationalityKingdom of Italy
OccupationExplorer
Parents

Prince Eugenio Ruspoli (Țigănești, 6 January 1866 – near Burgi, Somalia,[1] 4 December 1893) was an Italian explorer and naturalist. He was the author of the book Nel Paese della Mirra, published in 1892.[2]

Biography

Ruspoli belonged to the noble Roman and Florentine Ruspoli family, which was related to the House of Bonaparte.[3] He was the second son of Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasa, a politician, and his first wife, the Romanian princess Cocuța Conachi. He is remembered for two expeditions in Somalia.

Rome, Tomb of Don Eugenio Ruspoli at the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli.

Prince Eugenio Ruspoli was inspired to explore Africa by meeting the Polish Count Frackenstein. His expeditions were financed by his father.[4] He first explored Ethiopia and Somalia beginning in 1891. Traveling southwards from Berbera,[5] he crossed the Ogaden to the Shebelle River. He brought important zoological, botanical, mineralogical and ethnographic materials back to Italy. These collections included 183 birds, including specimens of four newly discovered species.[6] His second expedition took place from 1892 to 1893, when he passed through Bardera on 3 April 1892, in order to confirm a convention stipulating the Kingdom of Italy's protectorate over the region. He then descended the Jubba River as far as Dolo and explored the interior of the country, discovering Lake Chamo, which he named "Lake Umberto" in honor of King Umberto I of Italy. He also reached Lugh from the north.[5][7] During his expeditions, Ruspoli and his indigenous companions massacred natives and robbed villages.[8][9]

Ruspoli died, unmarried and without heirs, in a hunting accident near Burgi, in Somalia. Along with Vittorio Bottego, he was attempting to travel up the Jubba River to Lake Rudolph. Ruspoli was killed 150 miles (240 km) from his destination on 4 December 1893.[10] According to the account American explorer Arthur Donaldson Smith heard from one of the Amhara people, Ruspoli fired at an elephant which grasped him in its trunk, swung him about in the air and then trampled him to death. He was buried among the graves of Amhara chiefs.[11] The lake he had discovered was later renamed Ruspoli by Bottego.

In 1896, ornithologist Tommaso Salvadori named Ruspoli's turaco after him. This bird had been collected by Ruspoli in 1892 or 1893, but the precise location and date of its collection are unknown due to Ruspoli's untimely death and failure to leave notes.[3][12] Along with his traveling companion, Domenico Riva, Ruspoli also discovered the orchid Aerangis somalensis.[13] Many years later, his nephew Marescotti Ruspoli (who died at El Alamein in 1942) found Ruspoli's tomb in Somalia and brought back his remains, which were buried in May 1928 in the Basilica of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli in Rome.

Streets in Genoa and Padua are also named after Ruspoli.

Ruspoli is commemorated in the scientific names of two species and one subspecies of African reptiles: Hemidactylus ruspolii, a gecko; Prosymna ruspolii, a snake; and Chameleo dilepis ruspolii, a lizard.[14]

References

  1. ^ "Geographical Notes". The Scottish Geographical Magazine. 13: 600. 1897.
  2. ^ Ruspoli, Eugenio (1892). Nel Paese della Mirra. Rome: Tipografia Cooperativa Romana.
  3. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird? Common Bird Names and the People They Commemorate. New Haven, London: Yale University Press. p. 275. ISBN 0-300-10359-X. LCCN 2003113608.
  4. ^ Finaldi, Giuseppe (2017). A History of Italian Colonialism, 1860-1907: Europe's Last Empire. London, New York: Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-315-52025-4.
  5. ^ a b Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Somaliland" . Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 380.
  6. ^ "Notices of recent Ornithological Publications". The Ibis. VI: 564. 1894.
  7. ^ Etefa, Tsega (2012). Integration and Peace in East Africa: A History of the Oromo Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115. ISBN 9781137091635.
  8. ^ Smith, Arthur Donaldson (1897). Through Unknown African Countries: The First Expedition from Somaliland to Lake Rudolf. London, New York: Edward Arnold. pp. 2, 152–153.
  9. ^ Gerrand, Vivian (2016). Possible Spaces of Somali Belonging. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 9780522869309.
  10. ^ Ash, John; Atkins, John (2009). Birds of Ethiopia and Eritrea: An Atlas of Distribution. London: Christopher Helm. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4081-0979-3.
  11. ^ Smith (1897), p. 214
  12. ^ "Endemic Birds of Ethiopia". www.selamta.net. 2012. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  13. ^ Stewart, J. (1981). Orchids of Africa: A Select Review. London, Basingstoke: The Macmillan Press Ltd. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-349-06230-0.
  14. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Prince Ruspoli", p. 211; "Ruspoli", p. 229).
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