Hall of Mental Cultivation: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Yangxindian.jpg|thumb|Yǎngxīn diàn]] |
[[File:Yangxindian.jpg|thumb|Yǎngxīn diàn]] |
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The Hall was first built in the [[Ming dynasty]] and reconstructed in the [[Qing dynasty]]. From the 18th century onward, since the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]], the Hall became the living quarters of the Qing dynasty emperors |
The Hall was first built in the [[Ming dynasty]] and reconstructed in the [[Qing dynasty]]. From the 18th century onward, since the reign of the [[Yongzheng Emperor]], the Hall became the living quarters of the Qing dynasty emperors. In the front hall, the Emperor discussed state affairs with his [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]]s. In an eastern chamber in the hall, the dowager empresses [[Empress Dowager Ci'an|Ci'an]] and [[Empress Dowager Cixi|Cixi]] held audiences with princes and ministers behind a silk screen during their regencies for the emperors [[Emperor Tongzhi|Tongzhi]] and [[Emperor Guangxu|Guangxu]], who both succeeded to the throne as children in the second half of the 19th century. |
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== History == |
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While there is contention as to when construction of the Hall of Mental Cultivation began, it is believed that construction concluded in the 1537, during the sixth month of the 16<sup>th</sup> year of the [[Ming dynasty|Ming Dynasty’s]] [[Jiajing Emperor|Jiajing emperor’s]] reign, which spanned from 1521 - 1566.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> During his reign, other major buildings within the Hall of Mental Cultivation’s complex were originally constructed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> |
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During the reign of the [[Kangxi Emperor|Kangxi emperor]] (1661 – 1722) during the early Qing Dynasty, the Hall was considered to be the ‘Workshop of the Inner Court’.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> During his reign, the Department of Imperial Household Construction (''Zaobanchu'') was established within the Hall.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> When the following [[Yongzheng Emperor|Yongzheng emperor]] who reigned from 1722 - 1735 succeeded the throne, the Hall was used for the emperor’s residence, and also became the centre for daily governance and administration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> During the middle-late [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]] under the reign of the [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong emperor,]] the Hall of Mental Cultivation’s eastern warmth chamber became the emperor’s vicinity dedicated to daily administrative duties, as well as the Qianlong emperor's place of residence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> During this period, the Changchun Study, Buddhist prayer room (''Xianlou Fotang''), and the Hall of Three Rarities were constructed within the western warmth chamber of the Hall.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> |
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Until the renunciation of the [[Puyi|Xuantong emperor]], Puyi who reigned from 1909 – 1912, it is believed that Hall of Mental Cultivation was the political hub of the Qing Dynasty, given that it was the area in which foreign affairs was conducted, where major historical events took place, and given that it oversaw the death of emperors and the passing of governance and power.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Hong|last2=Xie|first2=Jiawei|last3=Ji|first3=Lifang|date=2018-03-01|title=The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03545700|journal=Built Heritage|volume=2|issue=1|pages=19–38|doi=10.1186/BF03545700|issn=2662-6802}}</ref> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 04:14, 13 April 2021
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| Hall of Mental Cultivation | |
|---|---|
养心殿 | |
.jpg) Outside the hall | |
  | |
| Alternative names | Yǎngxīn Diàn |
| General information | |
| Location | Forbidden City |
| Town or city | Beijing |
| Country | China |
| Coordinates | 39°55′06″N 116°23′22″E / 39.91835°N 116.38940°E |
The Hall of Mental Cultivation (simplified Chinese: 养心殿; traditional Chinese: 養心殿; pinyin: Yǎngxīn Diàn; Manchu: ᠮ᠊ᡠᠵᡳᠯᡝᠨ
ᠪᡝ ᡠᠵᡳᡵᡝ
ᡩᡝᠶᡝᠨ mujilen be ujire deyen, also ᠶᠠᠩ
ᠰᡳᠨ
ᡩᡳᠶᠠᠨ yang sin diyan) is a building in the inner courtyard of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China.
The Hall was first built in the Ming dynasty and reconstructed in the Qing dynasty. From the 18th century onward, since the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, the Hall became the living quarters of the Qing dynasty emperors. In the front hall, the Emperor discussed state affairs with his mandarins. In an eastern chamber in the hall, the dowager empresses Ci'an and Cixi held audiences with princes and ministers behind a silk screen during their regencies for the emperors Tongzhi and Guangxu, who both succeeded to the throne as children in the second half of the 19th century.
History
While there is contention as to when construction of the Hall of Mental Cultivation began, it is believed that construction concluded in the 1537, during the sixth month of the 16th year of the Ming Dynasty’s Jiajing emperor’s reign, which spanned from 1521 - 1566.[1] During his reign, other major buildings within the Hall of Mental Cultivation’s complex were originally constructed.[2]
During the reign of the Kangxi emperor (1661 – 1722) during the early Qing Dynasty, the Hall was considered to be the ‘Workshop of the Inner Court’.[3] During his reign, the Department of Imperial Household Construction (Zaobanchu) was established within the Hall.[4] When the following Yongzheng emperor who reigned from 1722 - 1735 succeeded the throne, the Hall was used for the emperor’s residence, and also became the centre for daily governance and administration.[5] During the middle-late Qing Dynasty under the reign of the Qianlong emperor, the Hall of Mental Cultivation’s eastern warmth chamber became the emperor’s vicinity dedicated to daily administrative duties, as well as the Qianlong emperor's place of residence.[6] During this period, the Changchun Study, Buddhist prayer room (Xianlou Fotang), and the Hall of Three Rarities were constructed within the western warmth chamber of the Hall.[7]
Until the renunciation of the Xuantong emperor, Puyi who reigned from 1909 – 1912, it is believed that Hall of Mental Cultivation was the political hub of the Qing Dynasty, given that it was the area in which foreign affairs was conducted, where major historical events took place, and given that it oversaw the death of emperors and the passing of governance and power.[8]
External links
Media related to Hall of Mental Cultivation at Wikimedia Commons
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- ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Yang, Hong; Xie, Jiawei; Ji, Lifang (2018-03-01). "The Historical Information of the Decorative Polychrome Painting in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Complex, Forbidden City". Built Heritage. 2 (1): 19–38. doi:10.1186/BF03545700. ISSN 2662-6802.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)