Jump to content

Crocodyloidea: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
added templates at bottom
made some updates - added some more info about groupings
Line 9: Line 9:
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
* [[Crocodylidae]]
*[[Crocodylidae]]
* ''[["Crocodylus" megarhinus]]''{{extinct}}
*{{extinct}}''[["Crocodylus" megarhinus]]''
}}
}}


'''Crocodyloidea''' is one of three [[superfamily (zoology)|superfamilies]] of [[crocodylian]]s, the other two being [[Alligatoroidea]] and [[Gavialoidea]], and it includes the [[crocodiles]].
⚫
The '''Crocodyloidea''' [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] of [[crocodilia]]ns evolved in the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[Geologic time scale#Terminology|period]]. [[Cladistics|Cladistically]], it is defined as ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (the [[Nile crocodile]]) and all [[crocodylia]]ns more closely related to ''C. niloticus'' than to either ''Alligator mississippiensis'' (the [[American alligator]]) or ''Gavialis gangeticus'' (the [[gharial]]).<ref name="brochu">{{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |last=Brochu |first=Christopher A. |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |date=May 2003 |page=360 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308}}</ref> This is a [[stem-based taxon|stem-based]] definition for [[crocodiles]], and is more inclusive than the [[crown group]] [[Crocodylidae]].<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As a crown group, Crocodylidae only includes the [[last common ancestor]] of all [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) crocodiles and their descendants (living or [[extinct]]), whereas Crocodyloidea, as a stem group, also includes more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] extinct crocodile ancestors that are more closely related to living crocodiles than to [[alligators]] or [[gavialids]]. When considering only living taxons ([[neontology]]), this makes Crocodyloidea and Crocodylidae [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]], and only Crocodylidae is used. Thus, Crocodyloidea is only used in the context of [[paleontology]].


== Phylogeny ==
==Classification==
⚫
[[Cladistics|Cladistically]], it is defined as ''Crocodylus niloticus'' (the [[Nile crocodile]]) and all [[crocodylia]]ns more closely related to ''C. niloticus'' than to either ''Alligator mississippiensis'' (the [[American alligator]]) or ''Gavialis gangeticus'' (the [[gharial]]).<ref name="brochu">{{cite journal |title=Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history |last=Brochu |first=Christopher A. |journal=Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences |volume=31 |date=May 2003 |page=360 |doi=10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308}}</ref> This is a [[stem-based taxon|stem-based]] definition for [[crocodiles]], and is more inclusive than the [[crown group]] [[Crocodylidae]].<ref name="LeeYates2018">{{cite journal | author=Michael S. Y. Lee |author2=Adam M. Yates |date=27 June 2018 |title=Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B]] |volume=285 |issue=1881 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2018.1071 |doi-access=free}}</ref> As a crown group, Crocodylidae only includes the [[last common ancestor]] of all [[extant taxon|extant]] (living) crocodiles and their descendants (living or [[extinct]]), whereas Crocodyloidea, as a stem group, also includes more [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] extinct crocodile ancestors that are more closely related to living crocodiles than to [[alligators]] or [[gavialids]]. When considering only living taxons ([[neontology]]), this makes Crocodyloidea and Crocodylidae [[synonym (taxonomy)|synonymous]], and only Crocodylidae is used. Thus, Crocodyloidea is only used in the context of [[paleontology]].
A 2018 [[tip dating]] study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], molecular ([[DNA sequencing]]), and [[stratigraphic]] ([[fossil]] age) data established the inter-relationships within [[Crocodilia]],<ref name="LeeYates2018"/> which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala ''et al.'' using [[paleogenomics]] by extracting DNA from the extinct ''[[Voay]]''.<ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal|last=Hekkala |first=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene “horned” crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02017-0 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |issn=2399-3642 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Traditionally, crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the clade [[Brevirostres]], to the exclusion of the [[gharial]]s. This classification was based on [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Holliday, Casey M. | author2=Gardner, Nicholas M. | year=2012 | title=A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 |issue=1 | pages=e30471 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030471 |editor1-last=Farke |editor1-first=Andrew A |pmid=22303441 |pmc=3269432 |bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730471H }}</ref> However, recent molecular studies using [[DNA sequencing]] have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.<ref name="Harshman2003">{{cite journal |pmid=12775527 |year=2003 |last1=Harshman |first1=J. |title=True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=52|issue=3|pages=386–402|last2=Huddleston|first2=C. J. |last3=Bollback |first3=J. P. |last4=Parsons|first4=T. J.|last5=Braun|first5=M. J.|doi=10.1080/10635150309323 |url=http://si-pddr.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/6275/2003C_Harshman_et_al.pdf|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Gatesy2008">{{cite journal|last1=Gatesy |first1=J. |last2=Amato |first2=G. |year=2008 |title=The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]]|volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1232–1237 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009|pmid=18372192}}</ref><ref name=bite>{{cite journal| author=Erickson, G. M.| author2=Gignac, P. M.| author3=Steppan, S. J.| author4=Lappin, A. K.| author5=Vliet, K. A.| author6=Brueggen, J. A.| author7=Inouye, B. D.| author8=Kledzik, D.| author9=Webb, G. J. W. | year=2012 | title=Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=7 |issue=3 |page=e31781 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0031781|editor1-last=Claessens|editor1-first=Leon|bibcode = 2012PLoSO...731781E | pmid=22431965 | pmc=3303775}}</ref><ref name="LeeYates2018"/><ref name="Hekkala2021">{{Cite journal|last=Hekkala |first=E. |last2=Gatesy |first2=J. |last3=Narechania |first3=A. |last4=Meredith |first4=R. |last5=Russello |first5=M. |last6=Aardema |first6=M. L. |last7=Jensen |first7=E. |last8=Montanari |first8=S. |last9=Brochu |first9=C. |last10=Norell |first10=M. |last11=Amato |first11=G. |date=2021-04-27 |title=Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene “horned” crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-021-02017-0 |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0 |issn=2399-3642 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The new clade [[Longirostres]] was named by Harshman ''et al.'' in 2003.<ref name="Harshman2003"/>

A 2018 [[tip dating]] study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using [[morphology (biology)|morphological]], molecular ([[DNA sequencing]]), and [[stratigraphic]] ([[fossil]] age) data established the inter-relationships within [[Crocodilia]],<ref name="LeeYates2018"/> which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala ''et al.'' using [[paleogenomics]] by extracting DNA from the extinct ''[[Voay]]''.<ref name="Hekkala2021"/>


The below [[cladogram]] shows the results of the latest study, and how Crocodyloidea may only contain one additional [[taxon]] beyond Crocodylidae:
The below [[cladogram]] shows the results of the latest study, and how Crocodyloidea may only contain one additional [[taxon]] beyond Crocodylidae:

Revision as of 20:13, 25 June 2021

Crocodyloidea
Temporal range: Paleocene - Recent, 61–0 Ma
Crocodylus niloticus (Nile crocodile)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
Clade: Longirostres
Superfamily: Crocodyloidea
Fitzinger, 1826
Subgroups

Crocodyloidea is one of three superfamilies of crocodylians, the other two being Alligatoroidea and Gavialoidea, and it includes the crocodiles.

Classification

Cladistically, it is defined as Crocodylus niloticus (the Nile crocodile) and all crocodylians more closely related to C. niloticus than to either Alligator mississippiensis (the American alligator) or Gavialis gangeticus (the gharial).[1] This is a stem-based definition for crocodiles, and is more inclusive than the crown group Crocodylidae.[2] As a crown group, Crocodylidae only includes the last common ancestor of all extant (living) crocodiles and their descendants (living or extinct), whereas Crocodyloidea, as a stem group, also includes more basal extinct crocodile ancestors that are more closely related to living crocodiles than to alligators or gavialids. When considering only living taxons (neontology), this makes Crocodyloidea and Crocodylidae synonymous, and only Crocodylidae is used. Thus, Crocodyloidea is only used in the context of paleontology.

Traditionally, crocodiles and alligators were considered more closely related and grouped together in the clade Brevirostres, to the exclusion of the gharials. This classification was based on morphological studies primarily focused on analyzing skeletal traits of living and extinct fossil species.[3] However, recent molecular studies using DNA sequencing have rejected Brevirostres upon finding the crocodiles and gavialids to be more closely related than the alligators.[4][5][6][2][7] The new clade Longirostres was named by Harshman et al. in 2003.[4]

A 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data established the inter-relationships within Crocodilia,[2] which was expanded upon in 2021 by Hekkala et al. using paleogenomics by extracting DNA from the extinct Voay.[7]

The below cladogram shows the results of the latest study, and how Crocodyloidea may only contain one additional taxon beyond Crocodylidae:

Crocodylia
(crown group)

References

  1. ^ Brochu, Christopher A. (May 2003). "Phylogenetic approaches toward crocodylian history". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 31: 360. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.31.100901.141308.
  2. ^ a b c Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071.
  3. ^ Holliday, Casey M.; Gardner, Nicholas M. (2012). Farke, Andrew A (ed.). "A new eusuchian crocodyliform with novel cranial integument and its significance for the origin and evolution of Crocodylia". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730471H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471. PMC 3269432. PMID 22303441.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Harshman, J.; Huddleston, C. J.; Bollback, J. P.; Parsons, T. J.; Braun, M. J. (2003). "True and false gharials: A nuclear gene phylogeny of crocodylia" (PDF). Systematic Biology. 52 (3): 386–402. doi:10.1080/10635150309323. PMID 12775527.
  5. ^ Gatesy, J.; Amato, G. (2008). "The rapid accumulation of consistent molecular support for intergeneric crocodylian relationships". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (3): 1232–1237. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.02.009. PMID 18372192.
  6. ^ Erickson, G. M.; Gignac, P. M.; Steppan, S. J.; Lappin, A. K.; Vliet, K. A.; Brueggen, J. A.; Inouye, B. D.; Kledzik, D.; Webb, G. J. W. (2012). Claessens, Leon (ed.). "Insights into the ecology and evolutionary success of crocodilians revealed through bite-force and tooth-pressure experimentation". PLOS ONE. 7 (3): e31781. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731781E. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMC 3303775. PMID 22431965.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S.; Brochu, C.; Norell, M.; Amato, G. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus". Communications Biology. 4 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642.
Stub icon

This article about an archosaur is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocodyloidea&oldid=1030421028"