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'''Abrasion''' is the non-carious, mechanical [[tooth wear|wear of tooth]] from interaction with objects other than tooth-tooth contact.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=López-Frías|first=Francisco J.|last2=Castellanos-Cosano|first2=Lizett|last3=Martín-González|first3=Jenifer|last4=Llamas-Carreras|first4=José M.|last5=Segura-Egea|first5=Juan J.|date=2012-02-01|title=Clinical measurement of tooth wear: Tooth wear indices|journal=Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry|volume=4|issue=1|pages=e48–e53|doi=10.4317/jced.50592|issn=1989-5488|pmc=3908810|pmid=24558525}}</ref> It most commonly affects the [[premolar]]s and [[canine tooth|canines]], usually along the [[cervical margins]].<ref>Forbes-Haley, C., Jones, S. B., Davies, M., & West, N. X. (2016). Establishing the Effect of Brushing and a Day's Diet on Tooth Tissue Loss in Vitro. Dentistry Journal, 4 (3).</ref> Based on clinical surveys, studies have shown that abrasion is the most common but not the sole aetiological factor for development of [[non-carious cervical lesions]] (NCCL) and is most frequently caused by incorrect toothbrushing technique.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Perez|first=Cesar dos Reis|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Mariana Rodrigues|last3=Prado|first3=Natália Aráujo Silva|last4=Miranda|first4=Marianna Sorozini Ferreira de|last5=Macêdo|first5=Mariana de Andrade|last6=Fernandes|first6=Bárbara Monteiro Pessôa|date=2012|title=Restoration of Noncarious Cervical Lesions: When, Why, and How|journal=International Journal of Dentistry|language=en|volume=2012|pages=687058|doi=10.1155/2012/687058|pmid=22216032|issn=1687-8728|pmc=3246729}}</ref>
'''Abrasion''' is the non-carious, mechanical [[tooth wear|wear of tooth]] from interaction with objects other than tooth-tooth contact.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = López-Frías FJ, Castellanos-Cosano L, Martín-González J, Llamas-Carreras JM, Segura-Egea JJ | title = Clinical measurement of tooth wear: Tooth wear indices | journal = Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = e48-53 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 24558525 | pmc = 3908810 | doi = 10.4317/jced.50592 }}</ref> It most commonly affects the [[premolar]]s and [[canine tooth|canines]], usually along the [[cervical margins]].<ref name="pmid29563467">{{cite journal | vauthors = Forbes-Haley C, Jones SB, Davies M, West NX | title = Establishing the Effect of Brushing and a Day's Diet on Tooth Tissue Loss in Vitro | journal = Dentistry Journal | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = | date = August 2016 | pmid = 29563467 | pmc = 5806935 | doi = 10.3390/dj4030025 }}</ref> Based on clinical surveys, studies have shown that abrasion is the most common but not the sole aetiological factor for development of [[non-carious cervical lesions]] (NCCL) and is most frequently caused by incorrect toothbrushing technique.<ref name="Perez_2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Perez C, Gonzalez MR, Prado NA, de Miranda MS, Macêdo M, Fernandes BM | title = Restoration of noncarious cervical lesions: when, why, and how | journal = International Journal of Dentistry | volume = 2012 | pages = 687058 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22216032 | pmc = 3246729 | doi = 10.1155/2012/687058 }}</ref>


Abrasion frequently presents at the [[cementoenamel junction|cemento-enamel junction]] and can be caused by many contributing factors, all with the ability to affect the tooth surface in varying degrees.<ref name="Sugi">Sugita L, Nakashima S, Ikeda A, Burrow M, Nikaido T. A pilot study to assess the morphology and progression of non-carious cervical lesions. Journal of Dentistry 2017:51-6.</ref>
Abrasion frequently presents at the [[cementoenamel junction|cemento-enamel junction]] and can be caused by many contributing factors, all with the ability to affect the tooth surface in varying degrees.<ref name="Sugi">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sugita I, Nakashima S, Ikeda A, Burrow MF, Nikaido T, Kubo S, Tagami J, Sumi Y | title = A pilot study to assess the morphology and progression of non-carious cervical lesions | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 57 | issue = | pages = 51–56 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 27956017 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.12.004 }}</ref>


The appearance may vary depending on the cause of abrasion, however most commonly presents in a [[V-shaped]] caused by excessive lateral pressure whilst tooth-brushing. The surface is shiny rather than carious, and sometimes the ridge is deep enough to see the pulp chamber within the tooth itself.
The appearance may vary depending on the cause of abrasion, however most commonly presents in a [[V-shaped]] caused by excessive lateral pressure whilst tooth-brushing. The surface is shiny rather than carious, and sometimes the ridge is deep enough to see the pulp chamber within the tooth itself.


Non-carious cervical loss due to abrasion may lead to consequences and symptoms such as increased tooth sensitivity to hot and cold, increased plaque trapping which will result in caries and periodontal disease, and difficulty of dental appliances such as retainers or dentures engaging the tooth. It may also be aesthetically unpleasant to some people.<ref name=":2" />
Non-carious cervical loss due to abrasion may lead to consequences and symptoms such as increased tooth sensitivity to hot and cold, increased plaque trapping which will result in caries and periodontal disease, and difficulty of dental appliances such as retainers or dentures engaging the tooth. It may also be aesthetically unpleasant to some people.<ref name="Perez_2012" />


For successful treatment of abrasion, the cause first needs to be identified and ceased (e.g. overzealous brushing). Once this has occurred, subsequent treatment may involve the changes in oral hygiene, application of fluoride to reduce sensitivity, or the placement of a restoration to help prevent further loss of tooth structure and aid plaque control.<ref name=Sugi />
For successful treatment of abrasion, the cause first needs to be identified and ceased (e.g. overzealous brushing). Once this has occurred, subsequent treatment may involve the changes in oral hygiene, application of fluoride to reduce sensitivity, or the placement of a restoration to help prevent further loss of tooth structure and aid plaque control.<ref name=Sugi />
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[[File:Abrasion 1.png|thumb|Abrasion occurring on the cervical margins from the effects of friction from toothbrushing and abrasive toothpastes]]
[[File:Abrasion 1.png|thumb|Abrasion occurring on the cervical margins from the effects of friction from toothbrushing and abrasive toothpastes]]


Cause of abrasion may arise from interaction of teeth with other objects such as [[toothbrush]]es, [[toothpick]]s, [[Dental floss|floss]], and ill-fitting dental appliance like retainers and dentures. Apart from that, people with habits such as nail biting, chewing tobacco, lip or tongue piercing,<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=De Moor|first=R J G|last2=Witte|first2=A M J C De|last3=Delmé|first3=K I M|last4=Bruyne|first4=M A A De|last5=Hommez|first5=G M G|last6=Goyvaerts|first6=D|date=October 2005|title=Dental and oral complications of lip and tongue piercings|journal=British Dental Journal|language=En|volume=199|issue=8|pages=506–509|doi=10.1038/sj.bdj.4812852|pmid=16244618|issn=1476-5373|doi-access=free}}</ref> and having occupation such as joiner, are subjected to higher risks of abrasion.
Cause of abrasion may arise from interaction of teeth with other objects such as [[toothbrush]]es, [[toothpick]]s, [[Dental floss|floss]], and ill-fitting dental appliance like retainers and dentures. Apart from that, people with habits such as nail biting, chewing tobacco, lip or tongue piercing,<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = De Moor RJ, De Witte AM, Delmé KI, De Bruyne MA, Hommez GM, Goyvaerts D | title = Dental and oral complications of lip and tongue piercings | language = En | journal = British Dental Journal | volume = 199 | issue = 8 | pages = 506–9 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16244618 | doi = 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812852 | doi-access = free }}</ref> and having occupation such as joiner, are subjected to higher risks of abrasion.


The aetiology of dental abrasion can be due to a single stimuli or, as in most cases, multi-factorial.<ref>Lee A, He LH, Lyons K, Swain MV. Tooth wear and wear investigations in dentistry. Journal of oral rehabilitation. 2012 Mar 1;39(3):217-25.</ref> The most common cause of dental abrasion, is the combination of mechanical and chemical wear.
The aetiology of dental abrasion can be due to a single stimuli or, as in most cases, multi-factorial.<ref name="pmid21923888">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee A, He LH, Lyons K, Swain MV | title = Tooth wear and wear investigations in dentistry | journal = Journal of Oral Rehabilitation | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 217–25 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 21923888 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02257.x }}</ref> The most common cause of dental abrasion, is the combination of mechanical and chemical wear.


Tooth brushing is the most common cause of dental abrasion, which is found to develop along the [[gingival margin]], due to vigorous brushing in this area.<ref>Sadaf D, Ahmad Z. Role of brushing and occlusal forces in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL). International journal of biomedical science: IJBS. 2014 Dec;10(4):265.</ref><ref>Salas MM, Nascimento GG, Vargas-Ferreira F, Tarquinio SB, Huysmans MC, Demarco FF. Diet influenced tooth erosion prevalence in children and adolescents: Results of a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Journal of dentistry. 2015 Aug 31;43(8):865-75.</ref> The type of toothbrush, the technique used and the force applied when brushing can influence the occurrence and severity of resulting abrasion.<ref>Zanatta FB, Bergoli AD, Werle SB, Antoniazzi RP. Biofilm removal and gingival abrasion with medium and soft toothbrushes. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2011 Jan 1;9(2):177-83.</ref> Further, brushing for extended periods of time (exceeding 2-3 min) in some cases, when combined with medium/hard bristled toothbrushes can cause abrasive lesions.<ref name=vieira>Vieira GH, Nogueira MB, Gaio EJ, Rosing CK, Santiago SL, Rego RO. Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Dentin Abrasion: An In Vitro Study. Oral health & preventive dentistry. 2016 Jun 27.</ref> Abrasion may also be exacerbated by overzealous use of certain types of dentifrice; some have more abrasive qualities to remove stains such as whitening toothpastes.
Tooth brushing is the most common cause of dental abrasion, which is found to develop along the [[gingival margin]], due to vigorous brushing in this area.<ref name="pmid25598758">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sadaf D, Ahmad Z | title = Role of Brushing and Occlusal Forces in Non-Carious Cervical Lesions (NCCL) | journal = International Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 265–8 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25598758 | pmc = 4289701 | doi = | url = }}</ref><ref name="pmid26057086">{{cite journal | vauthors = Salas MM, Nascimento GG, Vargas-Ferreira F, Tarquinio SB, Huysmans MC, Demarco FF | title = Diet influenced tooth erosion prevalence in children and adolescents: Results of a meta-analysis and meta-regression | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 43 | issue = 8 | pages = 865–75 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 26057086 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.05.012 }}</ref> The type of toothbrush, the technique used and the force applied when brushing can influence the occurrence and severity of resulting abrasion.<ref name="pmid21842020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Zanatta FB, Bergoli AD, Werle SB, Antoniazzi RP | title = Biofilm removal and gingival abrasion with medium and soft toothbrushes | journal = Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 177–83 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21842020 | doi = | url = }}</ref> Further, brushing for extended periods of time (exceeding 2-3 min) in some cases, when combined with medium/hard bristled toothbrushes can cause abrasive lesions.<ref name="Vieira_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vieira GH, Nogueira MB, Gaio EJ, Rosing CK, Santiago SL, Rego RO | title = Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Dentin Abrasion: An In Vitro Study | journal = Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry | volume = 14 | issue = 6 | pages = 547–553 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27351730 | doi = 10.3290/j.ohpd.a36465 }}</ref> Abrasion may also be exacerbated by overzealous use of certain types of dentifrice; some have more abrasive qualities to remove stains such as whitening toothpastes.


The bristles combined with forceful brushing techniques applied can roughen the tooth surface and cause abrasion as well as aggravating the gums.<ref name=Weigand>Wiegand A, Kuhn M, Sener B, Roos M, Attin T. Abrasion of eroded dentin caused by toothpaste slurries of different abrasivity and toothbrushes of different filament diameter. Journal of dentistry. 2009 Jun 30;37(6):480-4.</ref> Repetitive irritation to the [[gingival margin]] can eventually cause recession of the gums. When the gums recede, the root surface is exposed which is more susceptible to abrasion.<ref name=Addy>Addy M, Hunter ML. Can tooth brushing damage your health? Effects on oral and dental tissues. International dental journal. 2003 Jun 1;53(S3):177-86.</ref>
The bristles combined with forceful brushing techniques applied can roughen the tooth surface and cause abrasion as well as aggravating the gums.<ref name="Weigand_2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiegand A, Kuhn M, Sener B, Roos M, Attin T | title = Abrasion of eroded dentin caused by toothpaste slurries of different abrasivity and toothbrushes of different filament diameter | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 480–4 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19346053 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2009.03.005 }}</ref> Repetitive irritation to the [[gingival margin]] can eventually cause recession of the gums. When the gums recede, the root surface is exposed which is more susceptible to abrasion.<ref name="Addy_2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Addy M, Hunter ML | title = Can tooth brushing damage your health? Effects on oral and dental tissues | journal = International Dental Journal | volume = 53 | issue = Suppl 3 | pages = 177–86 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12875306 | doi = 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00768.x | url = }}</ref>
Comparatively, electric toothbrushes have less abrasive tendencies.<ref>Wiegand A, Lemmrich F, Attin T. Influence of rotating–oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic action of power toothbrushes on abrasion of sound and eroded dentine. Journal of periodontal research. 2006 Jun 1;41(3):221-7.</ref>
Comparatively, electric toothbrushes have less abrasive tendencies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiegand A, Lemmrich F, Attin T | title = Influence of rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic action of power toothbrushes on abrasion of sound and eroded dentine | journal = Journal of Periodontal Research | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 221–7 | date = June 2006 | pmid = 16677292 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00850.x }}</ref>


When combined with incorrect brushing technique, toothpastes can also damage enamel and dentine due to the abrasive properties.<ref>Tellefsen G, Liljeborg A, Johannsen A, Johannsen G. The role of the toothbrush in the abrasion process. International journal of dental hygiene. 2011 Nov 1;9(4):284-90.</ref> Specific ingredients are used in toothpaste to target removal of the bio-film and extrinsic staining however in some cases can contribute to the pastes being abrasive.<ref>Bizhang M, Riemer K, Arnold WH, Domin J, Zimmer S. Influence of Bristle Stiffness of Manual Toothbrushes on Eroded and Sound Human Dentin–An In Vitro Study. PLoS ONE. 2016 Apr 12;11(4):e0153250.</ref><ref name=Weigand/>
When combined with incorrect brushing technique, toothpastes can also damage enamel and dentine due to the abrasive properties.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tellefsen G, Liljeborg A, Johannsen A, Johannsen G | title = The role of the toothbrush in the abrasion process | journal = International Journal of Dental Hygiene | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 284–90 | date = November 2011 | pmid = 21545405 | doi = 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00505.x }}</ref> Specific ingredients are used in toothpaste to target removal of the bio-film and extrinsic staining however in some cases can contribute to the pastes being abrasive.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bizhang M, Riemer K, Arnold WH, Domin J, Zimmer S | title = Influence of Bristle Stiffness of Manual Toothbrushes on Eroded and Sound Human Dentin--An In Vitro Study | journal = Plos One | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = e0153250 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27070901 | pmc = 4829200 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0153250 }}</ref><ref name="Weigand_2009"/>
Whitening toothpastes are found to be one of the more abrasive types of toothpastes, according to the RDA Scale (detailed below).<ref name=Demarco>Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Sarmento HR, Dantas RV, Botero T, Tarquinio SB. Erosion and abrasion on dental structures undergoing at-home bleaching. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2011 Jul 18;3:45-52.</ref> In-home and clinical whitening have been proven to increase the likelihood of an individual experiencing dental abrasion. It is believed that dental abrasion due to the whitening process is caused by a combination of both mechanical and chemical irritants, for example, using whitening toothpaste and at home bleaching kits together.<ref name=Demarco /> However, if an individual is regimented in their after-whitening care then they can avoid loss of tooth structure and in turn abrasion can be avoided.<ref>John SS, White DJ. History of the development of abrasivity limits for dentifrices 2015</ref>
Whitening toothpastes are found to be one of the more abrasive types of toothpastes, according to the RDA Scale (detailed below).<ref name="Demarco_2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Sarmento HR, Dantas RV, Botero T, Tarquinio SB | title = Erosion and abrasion on dental structures undergoing at-home bleaching | journal = Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry | volume = 3 | issue = | pages = 45–52 | date = 2011 | pmid = 23674914 | pmc = 3652357 | doi = 10.2147/CCIDEN.S15943 }}</ref> In-home and clinical whitening have been proven to increase the likelihood of an individual experiencing dental abrasion. It is believed that dental abrasion due to the whitening process is caused by a combination of both mechanical and chemical irritants, for example, using whitening toothpaste and at home bleaching kits together.<ref name="Demarco_2011" /> However, if an individual is regimented in their after-whitening care then they can avoid loss of tooth structure and in turn abrasion can be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = St John S, White DJ | title = History of the Development of Abrasivity Limits for Dentifrices | journal = The Journal of Clinical Dentistry | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 50–4 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26349126 | doi = | url = }}</ref>


Another factor that can contribute to abrasive loss of tooth structure is the alteration of pH levels at the tooth surface. This can associated with the consumption of acidic foods and liquids or regurgitation of stomach acid, a process known as [[dental erosion]]. An increase in acidity at the tooth surface can induce demineralization and softening, therefore leaving the tooth structure susceptible to abrasive factors such as tooth brushing.<ref>Neel EA, Aljabo A, Strange A, Ibrahim S, Coathup M, Young AM, Bozec L, Mudera V. Demineralization–remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2016;11:4743.</ref> When the surface of the tooth structure is softened by acid, mechanical forces such as brushing can cause irreparable damage on tooth surface.<ref name=Demarco /><ref>Lussi A, Schlüter N, Rakhmatullina E, Ganss C. Dental erosion–an overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects. Caries research. 2011 May 31;45(Suppl. 1):2-12.</ref><ref>Jaeggi T, Lussi A. Toothbrush abrasion of erosively altered enamel after intraoral exposure to saliva: an in situ study. Caries Research. 1999 Sep 23;33(6):455-61.</ref> [[Remineralisation of teeth|Remineralization]] of the softened surface can help prevent this damage from occurring.
Another factor that can contribute to abrasive loss of tooth structure is the alteration of pH levels at the tooth surface. This can associated with the consumption of acidic foods and liquids or regurgitation of stomach acid, a process known as [[dental erosion]]. An increase in acidity at the tooth surface can induce demineralization and softening, therefore leaving the tooth structure susceptible to abrasive factors such as tooth brushing.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Abou Neel EA, Aljabo A, Strange A, Ibrahim S, Coathup M, Young AM, Bozec L, Mudera V | title = Demineralization-remineralization dynamics in teeth and bone | journal = International Journal of Nanomedicine | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 4743–4763 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27695330 | pmc = 5034904 | doi = 10.2147/IJN.S107624 }}</ref> When the surface of the tooth structure is softened by acid, mechanical forces such as brushing can cause irreparable damage on tooth surface.<ref name="Demarco_2011" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lussi A, Schlueter N, Rakhmatullina E, Ganss C | title = Dental erosion--an overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects | journal = Caries Research | volume = 45 Suppl 1 | issue = | pages = 2–12 | date = 2011 | pmid = 21625128 | doi = 10.1159/000325915 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jaeggi T, Lussi A | title = Toothbrush abrasion of erosively altered enamel after intraoral exposure to saliva: an in situ study | journal = Caries Research | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 455–61 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10529531 | doi = 10.1159/000016551 }}</ref> [[Remineralisation of teeth|Remineralization]] of the softened surface can help prevent this damage from occurring.


== Relative dentin abrasivity ==
== Relative dentin abrasivity ==
''Relative dentin abrasivity'' (''RDA'') is a standardised measurement of the abrasive effect that the components of the toothpaste have on a tooth.<ref name=vieira/>
''Relative dentin abrasivity'' (''RDA'') is a standardised measurement of the abrasive effect that the components of the toothpaste have on a tooth.<ref name="Vieira_2016" />


The RDA scale was developed by the American Dental Association (ADA). The RDA scale compares toothpaste abrasivity to standard abrasive materials and measures the depth of cut at an average of 1 millimetre per 100,000 brush strokes onto dentine.<ref name=John>John S, White D. History of the development of abrasivity limits for dentifrices. The journal of clinical dentistry. 2015;26(02):51-54.</ref> This comparison generates abrasive values for the dentifrices that would be safe for daily use.<ref name=Addy/> In vitro dental studies showed a positive correlation between the highest RDAs and greater dentin wear.<ref>Macdonald E, North A, Maggio B, Sufi F, Mason S, Moore C, Addy M, West NX. Clinical study investigating abrasive effects of three toothpastes and water in an in situ model. J Dent 2010;38:509–516.</ref>
The RDA scale was developed by the American Dental Association (ADA). The RDA scale compares toothpaste abrasivity to standard abrasive materials and measures the depth of cut at an average of 1 millimetre per 100,000 brush strokes onto dentine.<ref name = "St_John_2015" /> This comparison generates abrasive values for the dentifrices that would be safe for daily use.<ref name="Addy_2003"/> In vitro dental studies showed a positive correlation between the highest RDAs and greater dentin wear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Macdonald E, North A, Maggio B, Sufi F, Mason S, Moore C, Addy M, West NX | title = Clinical study investigating abrasive effects of three toothpastes and water in an in situ model | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 38 | issue = 6 | pages = 509–16 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20307624 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2010.03.007 }}</ref>


Since 1998, the RDA value is set by the standards DIN EN ISO 11609. Currently, the claim on products such as toothpaste are not regulated by law, however a dentifrice is required to have a level lower than 250 to be considered safe and before being given the ADA seal of approval.<ref>Toothpastes. Ada.org. 2017 [cited 7 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothpastes</ref> The vast majority of toothpastes commercially available have RDA values of 250 or less and are unlikely to have a significant impact on abrasion of tooth structure. On average, data suggests less than 400 μm of tooth wear occurs over a lifetime using these toothpastes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=St John|first=Samuel|last2=White|first2=Donald J.|date=2015|title=History of the Development of Abrasivity Limits for Dentifrices|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26349126|journal=The Journal of Clinical Dentistry|volume=26|issue=2|pages=50–54|issn=0895-8831|pmid=26349126}}</ref>
Since 1998, the RDA value is set by the standards DIN EN ISO 11609. Currently, the claim on products such as toothpaste are not regulated by law, however a dentifrice is required to have a level lower than 250 to be considered safe and before being given the ADA seal of approval.<ref>{{cite web | title = Toothpastes | publisher = American Dental Association | date = 2017 | access-date = 7 May 2017 | url = http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothpastes }}</ref> The vast majority of toothpastes commercially available have RDA values of 250 or less and are unlikely to have a significant impact on abrasion of tooth structure. On average, data suggests less than 400 μm of tooth wear occurs over a lifetime using these toothpastes.<ref name = "St_John_2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = St John S, White DJ | title = History of the Development of Abrasivity Limits for Dentifrices | journal = The Journal of Clinical Dentistry | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 50–4 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26349126 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samuel-John-7/publication/281637238_History_of_the_Development_of_Abrasivity_Limits_for_Dentifrices/links/56cf11b208aeb52500c93ad2/History-of-the-Development-of-Abrasivity-Limits-for-Dentifrices.pdf }}</ref>


While the RDA score has been shown to have a statistically significant correlation to the presence of abrasion, it is not the only contributing factor to consider.<ref name=John /><ref name=Addy /><ref name=Darb>Walsh M, Darby ML. Dental hygiene: theory and practice. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014 Apr 15.</ref> Other factors such as the amount of pressure used whilst brushing, the type, thickness and dispersion of bristle in the toothbrush and the time spent brushing are other factors that contribute to dental abrasion.<ref name=Darb />
While the RDA score has been shown to have a statistically significant correlation to the presence of abrasion, it is not the only contributing factor to consider.<ref name = "St_John_2015" /><ref name="Addy_2003" /><ref name="Walsh_2019">{{cite book | vauthors = Walsh M, Darby ML | title = Dental hygiene: theory and practice. | edition = 5th | publisher = Elsevier Health Sciences | date = March 2019 | isbn = 978-0-323-67676-2 }}</ref> Other factors such as the amount of pressure used whilst brushing, the type, thickness and dispersion of bristle in the toothbrush and the time spent brushing are other factors that contribute to dental abrasion.<ref name="Walsh_2019" />


== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==
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# Overall integrity of tooth structure is compromised.
# Overall integrity of tooth structure is compromised.
In order for successful treatment of abrasion to occur, the [[#Aetiology|aetiology]] first needs to be identified. The most accurate way of doing so is completing a thorough medical, dental, social and diet history. All aspects need to be investigated as in many cases the cause of abrasion can be multi-factorial. Once a definitive diagnosis is completed the appropriate treatment can commence.
In order for successful treatment of abrasion to occur, the [[#Aetiology|aetiology]] first needs to be identified. The most accurate way of doing so is completing a thorough medical, dental, social and diet history. All aspects need to be investigated as in many cases the cause of abrasion can be multi-factorial. Once a definitive diagnosis is completed the appropriate treatment can commence.
Treatment for abrasion can present in varying difficulties depending on the current degree or progress caused by the abrasion. Abrasion often presents in conjunction with other dental conditions such as attrition, decay and erosion. Evidence suggest there is a decrease in the effect of dental abrasion with dental erosion when fluoride varnish is applied onto teeth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sar Sancakli|first=H.|last2=Austin|first2=R. S.|last3=Al-Saqabi|first3=F.|last4=Moazzez|first4=R.|last5=Bartlett|first5=D.|date=March 2015|title=The influence of varnish and high fluoride on erosion and abrasion in a laboratory investigation|journal=Australian Dental Journal|volume=60|issue=1|pages=38–42|doi=10.1111/adj.12271|issn=1834-7819|pmid=25721276}}</ref> Successful treatment focuses on the prevention and progression on the condition and modifies the current habit/s instigating the condition.
Treatment for abrasion can present in varying difficulties depending on the current degree or progress caused by the abrasion. Abrasion often presents in conjunction with other dental conditions such as attrition, decay and erosion. Evidence suggest there is a decrease in the effect of dental abrasion with dental erosion when fluoride varnish is applied onto teeth.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sar Sancakli H, Austin RS, Al-Saqabi F, Moazzez R, Bartlett D | title = The influence of varnish and high fluoride on erosion and abrasion in a laboratory investigation | journal = Australian Dental Journal | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–42 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25721276 | doi = 10.1111/adj.12271 }}</ref> Successful treatment focuses on the prevention and progression on the condition and modifies the current habit/s instigating the condition.


===Removal of Causes===
===Removal of Causes===


If the cause of abrasion is due to habitual behaviours, the discontinuation and change of habit is critical in the prevention of further tooth loss.<ref>Bergström J, Lavstedt S. An epidemiologic approach to toothbrushing and dental abrasion. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 1979 Feb 1;7(1):57-64.</ref> The correct brushing technique is pivotal and involves a gentle scrub technique with small horizontal movements with an extra-soft/soft bristle brush.<ref name="Darb" /> Excessive lateral force can be corrected by holding the toothbrush in a pen grasp or by using the non-dominant hand to brush.<ref name="Darb" /> If abrasion is the result of an ill-fitting dental appliance, this should be corrected or replaced by a dental practitioner and should not be attempted in a home setting.
If the cause of abrasion is due to habitual behaviours, the discontinuation and change of habit is critical in the prevention of further tooth loss.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bergström J, Lavstedt S | title = An epidemiologic approach to toothbrushing and dental abrasion | journal = Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 57–64 | date = February 1979 | pmid = 282958 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1979.tb01186.x }}</ref> The correct brushing technique is pivotal and involves a gentle scrub technique with small horizontal movements with an extra-soft/soft bristle brush.<ref name="Walsh_2019" /> Excessive lateral force can be corrected by holding the toothbrush in a pen grasp or by using the non-dominant hand to brush.<ref name="Walsh_2019" /> If abrasion is the result of an ill-fitting dental appliance, this should be corrected or replaced by a dental practitioner and should not be attempted in a home setting.


===Chemical===
===Chemical===


The current selection of dentifrice should also be critically analysed and changed to include a less abrasive and gentler paste such as sensitive toothpaste as evidence suggests that a very abrasive toothpaste would lead to loss of tooth structure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ganss|first=C.|last2=Marten|first2=J.|last3=Hara|first3=A. T.|last4=Schlueter|first4=N.|date=November 2016|title=Toothpastes and enamel erosion/abrasion - Impact of active ingredients and the particulate fraction|journal=Journal of Dentistry|volume=54|pages=62–67|doi=10.1016/j.jdent.2016.09.005|issn=1879-176X|pmid=27650640}}</ref> A toothpaste containing increased fluoride will also help combat the increased sensitivity and risk to dental decay.<ref>Seong J, Parkinson CP, Davies M, Claydon NC, West NX. Randomised clinical trial to evaluate changes in dentine tubule occlusion following 4 weeks use of an occluding toothpaste. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2017 Apr 1:1-9.</ref> Toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to inhibit acid erosion of tooth structure, thereby reducing its susceptibility to abrasive wear.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=West|first=Nicola X.|last2=He|first2=Tao|last3=Hellin|first3=Nikki|last4=Claydon|first4=Nicholas|last5=Seong|first5=Joon|last6=Macdonald|first6=Emma|last7=Farrell|first7=Svetlana|last8=Eusebio|first8=Rachelle|last9=Wilberg|first9=Aneta|date=2019-08|title=Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/idh.12379|journal=International Journal of Dental Hygiene|language=en|volume=17|issue=3|pages=261–267|doi=10.1111/idh.12379|issn=1601-5029|pmc=PMC6850309|pmid=30556372}}</ref> Fluoride varnish can also be used as a preventive measure for patients at high risk of dental erosion, as the fluoride varnish increases resistance to erosion and subsequent tooth wear.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sar Sancakli|first=H.|last2=Austin|first2=R. S.|last3=Al-Saqabi|first3=F.|last4=Moazzez|first4=R.|last5=Bartlett|first5=D.|date=March 2015|title=The influence of varnish and high fluoride on erosion and abrasion in a laboratory investigation |journal=Australian Dental Journal|volume=60|issue=1|pages=38–42|doi=10.1111/adj.12271|issn=1834-7819|pmid=25721276}}</ref>
The current selection of dentifrice should also be critically analysed and changed to include a less abrasive and gentler paste such as sensitive toothpaste as evidence suggests that a very abrasive toothpaste would lead to loss of tooth structure.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ganss C, Marten J, Hara AT, Schlueter N | title = Toothpastes and enamel erosion/abrasion - Impact of active ingredients and the particulate fraction | journal = Journal of Dentistry | volume = 54 | pages = 62–67 | date = November 2016 | pmid = 27650640 | doi = 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.09.005 }}</ref> A toothpaste containing increased fluoride will also help combat the increased sensitivity and risk to dental decay.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Seong J, Parkinson CP, Davies M, Claydon NCA, West NX | title = Randomised clinical trial to evaluate changes in dentine tubule occlusion following 4 weeks use of an occluding toothpaste | journal = Clinical Oral Investigations | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | pages = 225–233 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 28365809 | pmc = 5748408 | doi = 10.1007/s00784-017-2103-5 }}</ref> Toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to inhibit acid erosion of tooth structure, thereby reducing its susceptibility to abrasive wear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = West NX, He T, Hellin N, Claydon N, Seong J, Macdonald E, Farrell S, Eusebio R, Wilberg A | display-authors = 6 | title = Randomized in situ clinical trial evaluating erosion protection efficacy of a 0.454% stannous fluoride dentifrice | journal = International Journal of Dental Hygiene | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 261–267 | date = August 2019 | pmid = 30556372 | pmc = 6850309 | doi = 10.1111/idh.12379 }}</ref> Fluoride varnish can also be used as a preventive measure for patients at high risk of dental erosion, as the fluoride varnish increases resistance to erosion and subsequent tooth wear.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sar Sancakli H, Austin RS, Al-Saqabi F, Moazzez R, Bartlett D | title = The influence of varnish and high fluoride on erosion and abrasion in a laboratory investigation | journal = Australian Dental Journal | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 38–42 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25721276 | doi = 10.1111/adj.12271 }}</ref>


Treatment in the dental chair may include a fluoride application or the placement of a restoration in more severe cases. If the lesion is small and confined to enamel or cementum, a restoration is not warranted, instead the eradication of rough edges should occur to reduce plaque retentive properties.<ref>Marinho VC. Cochrane fluoride reviews: an overview of the evidence on caries prevention with fluoride treatments. Faculty Dental Journal. 2014 Apr;5(2):78-83.</ref> However, in the case of dental decay, aesthetic concerns or defects close to the pulp a restoration may be completed.<ref>Harpenau LA, Noble WH, Kao RT. Diagnosis and management of dental wear. Today's FDA: official monthly journal of the Florida Dental Association. 2011 Dec;24(5):50-7.</ref> Further restorative work may be required when the lesion compromises the overall strength of the tooth or when the defect contributes to a periodontal problem the lesion may be restored.<ref>White JM, Eakle WS. Rationale and treatment approach in minimally invasive dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000 Jun 30;131:13S-9S.</ref>
Treatment in the dental chair may include a fluoride application or the placement of a restoration in more severe cases. If the lesion is small and confined to enamel or cementum, a restoration is not warranted, instead the eradication of rough edges should occur to reduce plaque retentive properties.<ref>Marinho VC. Cochrane fluoride reviews: an overview of the evidence on caries prevention with fluoride treatments. Faculty Dental Journal. 2014 Apr;5(2):78-83.</ref> However, in the case of dental decay, aesthetic concerns or defects close to the pulp a restoration may be completed.<ref>Harpenau LA, Noble WH, Kao RT. Diagnosis and management of dental wear. Today's FDA: official monthly journal of the Florida Dental Association. 2011 Dec;24(5):50-7.</ref> Further restorative work may be required when the lesion compromises the overall strength of the tooth or when the defect contributes to a periodontal problem the lesion may be restored.<ref>White JM, Eakle WS. Rationale and treatment approach in minimally invasive dentistry. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2000 Jun 30;131:13S-9S.</ref>
Line 102: Line 102:
Taking into consideration these factors and their respective dental materials' properties, evidence and studies has shown that resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) restoration material is the recommended restoration material in clinical situations as it performs optimally - provided aesthetics is not the top priority when restoring these lesions.<ref name=":0" /> The surface of such lesions should be roughened prior to its restoration<ref>Stewardson DA, Creanor S, Thornley P, Bigg T, Bromage C, Browne A, Cottam D, Dalby D, Gilmour J, Horton J, Roberts E, Westoby L, Burke T. The survival of class V restorations in general dental practice: part 3. five year survival. Br Dent J 2012; 212: E14.</ref><ref name=":1">Heintze SD, Ruffieux C, Rousson V. Clinical performance of cervical restorations − a meta-analysis. Dent Mater 2010; 26: 993−1000.</ref><ref>Van Dijken JWV. A prospective 8-year evaluation of a mild two-step self-etching adhesive and a heavily filled two-step etchand-rinse system in non-carious cervical lesions. Dent Mater 2010; 26: 940−948.</ref><ref>Gwinnett AJ, Kanca J. Interfacial morphology of resin composite and shiny erosion layers. Am J Dent 1992; 5: 316−317.</ref><ref>Tay FR, Pashley DH. Resin bonding to cervical sclerotic dentine: a review. J Dent 2004; 32: 173−179.</ref> - whether material is GI-based or resin-based<ref name=":0" /> - with no need for bevelling of the coronal aspect of the cavity.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Da Costa TEF, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Effect of enamel bevel on the clinical performance of resin composite restorations placed in noncarious cervical lesions. J Esthet Restor Dent 2013; 25: 346−356.</ref><ref>Schroeder M, Reis A, Luque-Martinez I, Loguercio AD, Masterson D, Maia LC. Effect of enamel bevel on retention of cervical composite resin restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2015; 43: 777−788.</ref>
Taking into consideration these factors and their respective dental materials' properties, evidence and studies has shown that resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) restoration material is the recommended restoration material in clinical situations as it performs optimally - provided aesthetics is not the top priority when restoring these lesions.<ref name=":0" /> The surface of such lesions should be roughened prior to its restoration<ref>Stewardson DA, Creanor S, Thornley P, Bigg T, Bromage C, Browne A, Cottam D, Dalby D, Gilmour J, Horton J, Roberts E, Westoby L, Burke T. The survival of class V restorations in general dental practice: part 3. five year survival. Br Dent J 2012; 212: E14.</ref><ref name=":1">Heintze SD, Ruffieux C, Rousson V. Clinical performance of cervical restorations − a meta-analysis. Dent Mater 2010; 26: 993−1000.</ref><ref>Van Dijken JWV. A prospective 8-year evaluation of a mild two-step self-etching adhesive and a heavily filled two-step etchand-rinse system in non-carious cervical lesions. Dent Mater 2010; 26: 940−948.</ref><ref>Gwinnett AJ, Kanca J. Interfacial morphology of resin composite and shiny erosion layers. Am J Dent 1992; 5: 316−317.</ref><ref>Tay FR, Pashley DH. Resin bonding to cervical sclerotic dentine: a review. J Dent 2004; 32: 173−179.</ref> - whether material is GI-based or resin-based<ref name=":0" /> - with no need for bevelling of the coronal aspect of the cavity.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Da Costa TEF, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Effect of enamel bevel on the clinical performance of resin composite restorations placed in noncarious cervical lesions. J Esthet Restor Dent 2013; 25: 346−356.</ref><ref>Schroeder M, Reis A, Luque-Martinez I, Loguercio AD, Masterson D, Maia LC. Effect of enamel bevel on retention of cervical composite resin restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 2015; 43: 777−788.</ref>


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[Tooth wear]]
*[[Tooth wear]]
*[[Attrition (dental)|Attrition]]
*[[Attrition (dental)|Attrition]]
Line 109: Line 109:
*[[Bruxism]]
*[[Bruxism]]


==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}



Revision as of 04:52, 17 July 2021

Abrasion (dental)
Dental abrasion
SpecialtyDentistry

Abrasion is the non-carious, mechanical wear of tooth from interaction with objects other than tooth-tooth contact.[1] It most commonly affects the premolars and canines, usually along the cervical margins.[2] Based on clinical surveys, studies have shown that abrasion is the most common but not the sole aetiological factor for development of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCL) and is most frequently caused by incorrect toothbrushing technique.[3]

Abrasion frequently presents at the cemento-enamel junction and can be caused by many contributing factors, all with the ability to affect the tooth surface in varying degrees.[4]

The appearance may vary depending on the cause of abrasion, however most commonly presents in a V-shaped caused by excessive lateral pressure whilst tooth-brushing. The surface is shiny rather than carious, and sometimes the ridge is deep enough to see the pulp chamber within the tooth itself.

Non-carious cervical loss due to abrasion may lead to consequences and symptoms such as increased tooth sensitivity to hot and cold, increased plaque trapping which will result in caries and periodontal disease, and difficulty of dental appliances such as retainers or dentures engaging the tooth. It may also be aesthetically unpleasant to some people.[3]

For successful treatment of abrasion, the cause first needs to be identified and ceased (e.g. overzealous brushing). Once this has occurred, subsequent treatment may involve the changes in oral hygiene, application of fluoride to reduce sensitivity, or the placement of a restoration to help prevent further loss of tooth structure and aid plaque control.[4]

Cause

Abrasion occurring on the cervical margins from the effects of friction from toothbrushing and abrasive toothpastes

Cause of abrasion may arise from interaction of teeth with other objects such as toothbrushes, toothpicks, floss, and ill-fitting dental appliance like retainers and dentures. Apart from that, people with habits such as nail biting, chewing tobacco, lip or tongue piercing,[5] and having occupation such as joiner, are subjected to higher risks of abrasion.

The aetiology of dental abrasion can be due to a single stimuli or, as in most cases, multi-factorial.[6] The most common cause of dental abrasion, is the combination of mechanical and chemical wear.

Tooth brushing is the most common cause of dental abrasion, which is found to develop along the gingival margin, due to vigorous brushing in this area.[7][8] The type of toothbrush, the technique used and the force applied when brushing can influence the occurrence and severity of resulting abrasion.[9] Further, brushing for extended periods of time (exceeding 2-3 min) in some cases, when combined with medium/hard bristled toothbrushes can cause abrasive lesions.[10] Abrasion may also be exacerbated by overzealous use of certain types of dentifrice; some have more abrasive qualities to remove stains such as whitening toothpastes.

The bristles combined with forceful brushing techniques applied can roughen the tooth surface and cause abrasion as well as aggravating the gums.[11] Repetitive irritation to the gingival margin can eventually cause recession of the gums. When the gums recede, the root surface is exposed which is more susceptible to abrasion.[12] Comparatively, electric toothbrushes have less abrasive tendencies.[13]

When combined with incorrect brushing technique, toothpastes can also damage enamel and dentine due to the abrasive properties.[14] Specific ingredients are used in toothpaste to target removal of the bio-film and extrinsic staining however in some cases can contribute to the pastes being abrasive.[15][11] Whitening toothpastes are found to be one of the more abrasive types of toothpastes, according to the RDA Scale (detailed below).[16] In-home and clinical whitening have been proven to increase the likelihood of an individual experiencing dental abrasion. It is believed that dental abrasion due to the whitening process is caused by a combination of both mechanical and chemical irritants, for example, using whitening toothpaste and at home bleaching kits together.[16] However, if an individual is regimented in their after-whitening care then they can avoid loss of tooth structure and in turn abrasion can be avoided.[17]

Another factor that can contribute to abrasive loss of tooth structure is the alteration of pH levels at the tooth surface. This can associated with the consumption of acidic foods and liquids or regurgitation of stomach acid, a process known as dental erosion. An increase in acidity at the tooth surface can induce demineralization and softening, therefore leaving the tooth structure susceptible to abrasive factors such as tooth brushing.[18] When the surface of the tooth structure is softened by acid, mechanical forces such as brushing can cause irreparable damage on tooth surface.[16][19][20] Remineralization of the softened surface can help prevent this damage from occurring.

Relative dentin abrasivity

Relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) is a standardised measurement of the abrasive effect that the components of the toothpaste have on a tooth.[10]

The RDA scale was developed by the American Dental Association (ADA). The RDA scale compares toothpaste abrasivity to standard abrasive materials and measures the depth of cut at an average of 1 millimetre per 100,000 brush strokes onto dentine.[21] This comparison generates abrasive values for the dentifrices that would be safe for daily use.[12] In vitro dental studies showed a positive correlation between the highest RDAs and greater dentin wear.[22]

Since 1998, the RDA value is set by the standards DIN EN ISO 11609. Currently, the claim on products such as toothpaste are not regulated by law, however a dentifrice is required to have a level lower than 250 to be considered safe and before being given the ADA seal of approval.[23] The vast majority of toothpastes commercially available have RDA values of 250 or less and are unlikely to have a significant impact on abrasion of tooth structure. On average, data suggests less than 400 μm of tooth wear occurs over a lifetime using these toothpastes.[21]

While the RDA score has been shown to have a statistically significant correlation to the presence of abrasion, it is not the only contributing factor to consider.[21][12][24] Other factors such as the amount of pressure used whilst brushing, the type, thickness and dispersion of bristle in the toothbrush and the time spent brushing are other factors that contribute to dental abrasion.[24]

Treatment

There are several reasons to treat abrasion lesion(s) (also known as ‘Class V cavity’) such as:

  1. Sensitivity.
  2. Presence of carious lesion.
  3. Aesthetically unpleasant.
  4. Arresting the progression of the lesion.
  5. Reducing potential onset of caries or periodontal disease as these lesions can present as a plaque retention factor.
  6. Where there is a risk of pulpal exposure if lesion depth is severe enough.
  7. When retention of a removable appliance is interfered, i.e. denture
  8. To improve denture clasp(s) retention.
  9. Overall integrity of tooth structure is compromised.

In order for successful treatment of abrasion to occur, the aetiology first needs to be identified. The most accurate way of doing so is completing a thorough medical, dental, social and diet history. All aspects need to be investigated as in many cases the cause of abrasion can be multi-factorial. Once a definitive diagnosis is completed the appropriate treatment can commence. Treatment for abrasion can present in varying difficulties depending on the current degree or progress caused by the abrasion. Abrasion often presents in conjunction with other dental conditions such as attrition, decay and erosion. Evidence suggest there is a decrease in the effect of dental abrasion with dental erosion when fluoride varnish is applied onto teeth.[25] Successful treatment focuses on the prevention and progression on the condition and modifies the current habit/s instigating the condition.

Removal of Causes

If the cause of abrasion is due to habitual behaviours, the discontinuation and change of habit is critical in the prevention of further tooth loss.[26] The correct brushing technique is pivotal and involves a gentle scrub technique with small horizontal movements with an extra-soft/soft bristle brush.[24] Excessive lateral force can be corrected by holding the toothbrush in a pen grasp or by using the non-dominant hand to brush.[24] If abrasion is the result of an ill-fitting dental appliance, this should be corrected or replaced by a dental practitioner and should not be attempted in a home setting.

Chemical

The current selection of dentifrice should also be critically analysed and changed to include a less abrasive and gentler paste such as sensitive toothpaste as evidence suggests that a very abrasive toothpaste would lead to loss of tooth structure.[27] A toothpaste containing increased fluoride will also help combat the increased sensitivity and risk to dental decay.[28] Toothpastes containing stannous fluoride have been shown to inhibit acid erosion of tooth structure, thereby reducing its susceptibility to abrasive wear.[29] Fluoride varnish can also be used as a preventive measure for patients at high risk of dental erosion, as the fluoride varnish increases resistance to erosion and subsequent tooth wear.[30]

Treatment in the dental chair may include a fluoride application or the placement of a restoration in more severe cases. If the lesion is small and confined to enamel or cementum, a restoration is not warranted, instead the eradication of rough edges should occur to reduce plaque retentive properties.[31] However, in the case of dental decay, aesthetic concerns or defects close to the pulp a restoration may be completed.[32] Further restorative work may be required when the lesion compromises the overall strength of the tooth or when the defect contributes to a periodontal problem the lesion may be restored.[33]

Once abrasive lesions have been diagnosed and treated they should be closely monitored to identify further progression or potential relief of symptoms.

Restoration

Ideal properties of restoration materials particularly for these lesions include:[34]

  1. Satisfactory wear resistance most commonly caused by overzealous/excessive force used during toothbrushing.
  2. Low modulus of elasticity, given that teeth (anterior dentition) have been considered to flex around the cervical area (area closest to gum levels).
  3. Good aesthetics.

There are other properties of restoration materials which could be considered appropriate, although not specific to Class V restorations, which includes:

  1. Small filler particles for polishability to achieve better aesthetics.
  2. Sufficiently stiff consistency to hold shape but still allows easy handling for placement into a cavity.
  3. Self-curing/setting or curable to any depth.
  4. Dimensionally stable or low shrinkage/stress.
  5. Fluoride release.
  6. Self-adhesive to enamel and dentine.

Dental materials such as amalgam, glass ionomer (GI), resin-modified glass ionomer (a variant of GI) and resin composite are the types of restoration materials available when active treatment by means of restoration is appropriate.

Taking into consideration these factors and their respective dental materials' properties, evidence and studies has shown that resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) restoration material is the recommended restoration material in clinical situations as it performs optimally - provided aesthetics is not the top priority when restoring these lesions.[34] The surface of such lesions should be roughened prior to its restoration[35][36][37][38][39] - whether material is GI-based or resin-based[34] - with no need for bevelling of the coronal aspect of the cavity.[36][40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ López-Frías FJ, Castellanos-Cosano L, Martín-González J, Llamas-Carreras JM, Segura-Egea JJ (February 2012). "Clinical measurement of tooth wear: Tooth wear indices". Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry. 4 (1): e48-53. doi:10.4317/jced.50592. PMC 3908810. PMID 24558525.
  2. ^ Forbes-Haley C, Jones SB, Davies M, West NX (August 2016). "Establishing the Effect of Brushing and a Day's Diet on Tooth Tissue Loss in Vitro". Dentistry Journal. 4 (3). doi:10.3390/dj4030025. PMC 5806935. PMID 29563467.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b Perez C, Gonzalez MR, Prado NA, de Miranda MS, Macêdo M, Fernandes BM (2012). "Restoration of noncarious cervical lesions: when, why, and how". International Journal of Dentistry. 2012: 687058. doi:10.1155/2012/687058. PMC 3246729. PMID 22216032.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Sugita I, Nakashima S, Ikeda A, Burrow MF, Nikaido T, Kubo S, Tagami J, Sumi Y (February 2017). "A pilot study to assess the morphology and progression of non-carious cervical lesions". Journal of Dentistry. 57: 51–56. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2016.12.004. PMID 27956017.
  5. ^ De Moor RJ, De Witte AM, Delmé KI, De Bruyne MA, Hommez GM, Goyvaerts D (October 2005). "Dental and oral complications of lip and tongue piercings". British Dental Journal. 199 (8): 506–9. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4812852. PMID 16244618.
  6. ^ Lee A, He LH, Lyons K, Swain MV (March 2012). "Tooth wear and wear investigations in dentistry". Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 39 (3): 217–25. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02257.x. PMID 21923888.
  7. ^ Sadaf D, Ahmad Z (December 2014). "Role of Brushing and Occlusal Forces in Non-Carious Cervical Lesions (NCCL)". International Journal of Biomedical Science : IJBS. 10 (4): 265–8. PMC 4289701. PMID 25598758.
  8. ^ Salas MM, Nascimento GG, Vargas-Ferreira F, Tarquinio SB, Huysmans MC, Demarco FF (August 2015). "Diet influenced tooth erosion prevalence in children and adolescents: Results of a meta-analysis and meta-regression". Journal of Dentistry. 43 (8): 865–75. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2015.05.012. PMID 26057086.
  9. ^ Zanatta FB, Bergoli AD, Werle SB, Antoniazzi RP (2011). "Biofilm removal and gingival abrasion with medium and soft toothbrushes". Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. 9 (2): 177–83. PMID 21842020.
  10. ^ a b Vieira GH, Nogueira MB, Gaio EJ, Rosing CK, Santiago SL, Rego RO (2016). "Effect of Whitening Toothpastes on Dentin Abrasion: An In Vitro Study". Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry. 14 (6): 547–553. doi:10.3290/j.ohpd.a36465. PMID 27351730.
  11. ^ a b Wiegand A, Kuhn M, Sener B, Roos M, Attin T (June 2009). "Abrasion of eroded dentin caused by toothpaste slurries of different abrasivity and toothbrushes of different filament diameter". Journal of Dentistry. 37 (6): 480–4. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2009.03.005. PMID 19346053.
  12. ^ a b c Addy M, Hunter ML (2003). "Can tooth brushing damage your health? Effects on oral and dental tissues". International Dental Journal. 53 (Suppl 3): 177–86. doi:10.1111/j.1875-595x.2003.tb00768.x. PMID 12875306.
  13. ^ Wiegand A, Lemmrich F, Attin T (June 2006). "Influence of rotating-oscillating, sonic and ultrasonic action of power toothbrushes on abrasion of sound and eroded dentine". Journal of Periodontal Research. 41 (3): 221–7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00850.x. PMID 16677292.
  14. ^ Tellefsen G, Liljeborg A, Johannsen A, Johannsen G (November 2011). "The role of the toothbrush in the abrasion process". International Journal of Dental Hygiene. 9 (4): 284–90. doi:10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00505.x. PMID 21545405.
  15. ^ Bizhang M, Riemer K, Arnold WH, Domin J, Zimmer S (2016). "Influence of Bristle Stiffness of Manual Toothbrushes on Eroded and Sound Human Dentin--An In Vitro Study". Plos One. 11 (4): e0153250. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153250. PMC 4829200. PMID 27070901.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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