Pistia: Difference between revisions
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=== Medical Treatment === |
=== Medical Treatment === |
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There are various medical uses of ''Pistia'' throughout regions in Asia and Africa. In Nigeria, the dried leaves are prepared into a powder form and are applied to wounds and sores for disinfection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ajibesin|first=Kola' Kayode|date=2012-11-25|title=Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Skin Diseases and Related Ailments in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria|url=https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/588|journal=Ethnobotany Research and Applications|language=en|volume=10|pages=463–522|issn=1547-3465}}</ref> A similar use is present in Indian traditional medicine, where the powdered leaf is applied to syphilitic eruptions and skin infections.<ref name="Shyamsundar 2005 127">{{Cite journal|last=Shyamsundar|first=D|last2=Premkumar|first2=VG|date=2005|title=Antidermatophytic activity ofPistia stratiotes|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.15116|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology|volume=37|issue=2|pages=127|doi=10.4103/0253-7613.15116|issn=0253-7613}}</ref> In Nigeria and Gambia, the leaf is infused in water to create an eyewash to treat [[allergic conjunctivitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koffuor|first=GeorgeAsumeng|last2=Kyei|first2=Samuel|last3=Asiamah|first3=EmmanuelA|last4=Atobiga|first4=ClementNsobire|last5=Awuah|first5=Agnes|last6=Abokyi|first6=Samuel|date=2014|title=Antiallergic effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Pistia stratiotes in murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.138243|journal=Pharmacognosy Research|volume=6|issue=4|pages=274|doi=10.4103/0974-8490.138243|issn=0974-8490}}</ref> The eyewash is known to have a cooling and analgesic effect. Therefore, the plant is commonly called ‘eye-pity’ in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pistia stratiotes Linn. [family ARACEAE] on JSTOR|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.upwta.1_447|access-date=2021-11-29|website=plants.jstor.org|doi=10.5555/al.ap.upwta.1_447}}</ref> In addition, the leaves of ''Pistia'' can be burned into ash, and in Indian and Nigerian traditional medicine, the ash is used in treating [[Dermatophytosis|ringworm]] infections of the scalp.<ref name="Shyamsundar 2005 127"/> |
There are various medical uses of ''Pistia'' throughout regions in Asia and Africa. In Nigeria, the dried leaves are prepared into a powder form and are applied to wounds and sores for disinfection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ajibesin|first=Kola' Kayode|date=2012-11-25|title=Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Skin Diseases and Related Ailments in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria|url=https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/588|journal=Ethnobotany Research and Applications|language=en|volume=10|pages=463–522|issn=1547-3465}}</ref> A similar use is present in Indian traditional medicine, where the powdered leaf is applied to syphilitic eruptions and skin infections.<ref name="Shyamsundar 2005 127">{{Cite journal|last=Shyamsundar|first=D|last2=Premkumar|first2=VG|date=2005|title=Antidermatophytic activity ofPistia stratiotes|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.15116|journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology|volume=37|issue=2|pages=127|doi=10.4103/0253-7613.15116|issn=0253-7613}}</ref> In Nigeria and Gambia, the leaf is infused in water to create an eyewash to treat [[allergic conjunctivitis]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koffuor|first=GeorgeAsumeng|last2=Kyei|first2=Samuel|last3=Asiamah|first3=EmmanuelA|last4=Atobiga|first4=ClementNsobire|last5=Awuah|first5=Agnes|last6=Abokyi|first6=Samuel|date=2014|title=Antiallergic effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Pistia stratiotes in murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.138243|journal=Pharmacognosy Research|volume=6|issue=4|pages=274|doi=10.4103/0974-8490.138243|issn=0974-8490}}</ref> The eyewash is known to have a cooling and analgesic effect. Therefore, the plant is commonly called ‘eye-pity’ in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pistia stratiotes Linn. [family ARACEAE] on JSTOR|url=https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.upwta.1_447|access-date=2021-11-29|website=plants.jstor.org|doi=10.5555/al.ap.upwta.1_447}}</ref> In addition, the leaves of ''Pistia'' can be burned into ash, and in Indian and Nigerian traditional medicine, the ash is used in treating [[Dermatophytosis|ringworm]] infections of the scalp.<ref name="Shyamsundar 2005 127"/> |
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==== Medicinal Properties ==== |
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Anti-Inflammatory Properties |
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Extractions of the leaves of ''P. stratiotes'' reduces mast infiltration and degranulation in allergic reactions and presents anti-inflammatory properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koffuor|first=GeorgeAsumeng|last2=Kyei|first2=Samuel|last3=Asiamah|first3=EmmanuelA|last4=Atobiga|first4=ClementNsobire|last5=Awuah|first5=Agnes|last6=Abokyi|first6=Samuel|date=2014|title=Antiallergic effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Pistia stratiotes in murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-8490.138243|journal=Pharmacognosy Research|volume=6|issue=4|pages=274|doi=10.4103/0974-8490.138243|issn=0974-8490}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koffuor|first=G. A.|last2=Kyei|first2=S.|last3=Woode|first3=E.|last4=Ekuadzi|first4=E.|last5=Ben|first5=I. O.|date=2012|title=Possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity and safety profile of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Pistia stratiotes Linn (Araceae)|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jgsa/article/view/84194|journal=Journal of the Ghana Science Association|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=69–81|doi=10.4314/jgsa.v14i1|issn=0855-3823}}</ref> The ethanolic extracts have also been positively correlated with a reduction in inflammatory disorders such as, arthritis and fevers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koffuor|first=George|last2=Kyei|last3=Boampong|date=2012-03|title=Antiarthritic effect of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Pistia stratiotes in adjuvant-induced arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/jep.s29792|journal=Journal of Experimental Pharmacology|pages=41|doi=10.2147/jep.s29792|issn=1179-1454}}</ref> |
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=== Environmental === |
=== Environmental === |
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Revision as of 08:10, 30 November 2021
| Pistia | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Alismatales |
| Family: | Araceae |
| Subfamily: | Aroideae |
| Tribe: | Pistieae |
| Genus: | Pistia L.[2] |
| Species: | P. stratiotes
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pistia stratiotes | |
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| Range of the genus Pistia | |
| Synonyms[3] | |
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Pistia is a genus of aquatic plant in the arum family, Araceae. It is the sole genus in the tribe Pistieae which reflects its systematic isolation within the family.[4] The single species it comprises, Pistia stratiotes, is often called water cabbage, water lettuce, Nile cabbage, or shellflower. Its native distribution is uncertain, but probably pantropical; it was first discovered from the Nile near Lake Victoria in Africa. It is now present, either naturally or through human introduction, in nearly all tropical and subtropical fresh waterways and considered an invasive species as well as a mosquito breeding habitat. The genus name is derived from the Greek word πιστός (pistos), meaning "water," and refers to the aquatic nature of the plants.[5] The specific epithet is also derived from a Greek word, meaning "soldier," which references the sword-shaped leaves of some plants in the Stratiotes genus.[6]
Description
Pistia is a perennial monocotyledon with thick, soft leaves that form a rosette. It floats on the surface of the water, its roots hanging submersed beneath floating leaves. The leaves can measure 2 – 15 cm long. They are light green, with parallel venations, and wavy margins. The surface of the leaves are covered in short, white hairs which form basket-like structures which trap air bubbles, increasing the plant's buoyancy. The spongy parenchyma with large intercellular spaces in the leaves also aid the plant in floating. The flowers are dioecious, lack petals, and are hidden in the middle of the plant amongst the leaves. Pistia has a spadix inflorescence, containing one pistillate flower with one ovary and 2 - 8 staminate flowers with two stamens. The pistillate and carpellate flowers are separated by folds in the spathe, where the male flowers are located above the female flowers. Oval, green berries with ovoid seeds form after successful fertilization. The plant can also undergo asexual reproduction by propagating through stolons.
Ecology
Water lettuce is among the world's most productive freshwater aquatic plants and is considered an invasive species.[7] In waters with high nutrient content, particularly those that have been contaminated with human loading of sewage or fertilizers, water lettuce can often exhibit weedy overgrowth behavior. It may also become weedy in hydrologically altered systems such as canals and reservoirs.[8]
It is a common aquatic plant in the southeastern United States, particularly in Florida. It was first reported in Florida by the explorers John and William Bartram during the period 1765-1774, and a fossil specimen and fossil pollen that have been found in Florida date from the late Pleistocene (~12,000 BP) and early Holocene (~3,500 BP), indicating that Pistia is native to southeastern North America.[9][10]
Severe overgrowth of water lettuce can block gas exchange at the air-water interface, reducing the oxygen in the water and killing fish. Large mats can also block light, shade native submerged plants, and alter immersed plant communities by crushing them.[11]
Mosquitoes of the genus Mansonia complete their life cycle only in the presence of aquatic plants such as Pistia, laying their eggs under the leaves. The emerging larvae fall into the water within 24 hours and stay attached to the Pistia root (which is rich with air sacs) with the help of a serrated siphon tube for respiration and develop into pupa. The pupa is also attached to the pistia root with the serrated piercing siphon tube. The egg to adult mosquito development is completed within 7 days.[12]
The moth Samea multiplicalis also uses Pistia as its primary host plant. Eggs are laid among leaves and stems of the host plant and larvae hatch and feed intensively as they develop.[13]
Control
Pistia can be controlled with mechanical harvesters that remove the water lettuce from the water and transport it to disposal on shore. Aquatic herbicides may also be used. Two species of insects are also being used as a biological control. Adults and larvae of the South American weevil Neohydronomous affinis feed on Pistia leaves, as do the larvae of the moth Spodoptera pectinicornis from Thailand. Both are proving to be useful tools in the management of Pistia.
In the Amazon basin, Pistia is a food source of freshwater turtles.[14]
Native range
The center of origin of Pistia stratiotes remains uncertain.[15] However, the plant is thought to be native to South America or Africa.[16] Described in Egyptian hieroglyphics and reported by Greek botanists, Dioscorides and Theophrastus, in the Nile River, the plant suggests an African origin.[17] In addition, the co-evolution of Pistia stratiotes with various insects native to Brazil and Argentina, such as the water lettuce weevil, proposes a South American origin.[18] A more recent rationale for nativity in Florida explains the observation of the species by botanist, William Bartram, in the St. Johns River basin in 1765 and describes Florida's Holocene fossil records of the plant.[19] Yet, this rationale remains controversial as disagreeing botanists claim the Spanish may have indirectly introduced into the plant into Florida's basins from their ship ballast.[9]
Fossil record
Pistia-like plants appear in the fossil record during the Late Cretaceous epoch in rock strata from the western interior of North America. They were first described as †Pistia corrugata by Leo Lesquereux in 1876 based on specimens from the Almond Formation of Wyoming (late Campanian age). However, based on more complete specimens from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, and other areas, they were redescribed as a separate genus, †Cobbania, primarily due to differences in leaf morphology.[20][21] Younger fossils attributed to Pistia have described from Eocene strata in the southeastern United States,[9] and 350 fossil seeds of †Pistia sibirica have been described from middle Miocene strata of the Fasterholt area near Silkeborg in Central Jutland, Denmark. Fossils of this species have also been described from the Oligocene and Miocene of Western Siberia and from the Miocene of Germany.[22]
A specimen of Pistia from the Florida peninsula dating from at least 3,550 years Before Present, as well as a report of early Holocene Pistia pollen from a lake in Florida, have cast doubt on the claim that Pistia is not native to the southeastern United States.[9][10]
Uses
Consumption
While considered edible, Pistia is not palatable as it is rich in calcium oxalate crystals that are bitter in taste. Nevertheless, there are records of the plant being utilized as famine food in India during the Great Famine of 1867-1878.
The Hausa people of Nigeria utilized the ash of the plant as a substitute for salt due to its high concentration of potassium chloride, a mineral salt.[23] This salt substitute, also called 'zakankau,' was of high importance, especially when imported salt was unavailable.
Caution is advised when consuming Pistia, as the plant is an hyperaccumulator, and can absorb and accumulate toxic heavy metals present in its environment.[24] The plant also contains great amounts of calcium oxalate crystals, which can induce various health concerns: prevention of mineral absorption and kidney stones.[25][26]
Medical Treatment
There are various medical uses of Pistia throughout regions in Asia and Africa. In Nigeria, the dried leaves are prepared into a powder form and are applied to wounds and sores for disinfection.[27] A similar use is present in Indian traditional medicine, where the powdered leaf is applied to syphilitic eruptions and skin infections.[28] In Nigeria and Gambia, the leaf is infused in water to create an eyewash to treat allergic conjunctivitis.[29] The eyewash is known to have a cooling and analgesic effect. Therefore, the plant is commonly called ‘eye-pity’ in Africa.[30] In addition, the leaves of Pistia can be burned into ash, and in Indian and Nigerian traditional medicine, the ash is used in treating ringworm infections of the scalp.[28]
Medicinal Properties
Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Extractions of the leaves of P. stratiotes reduces mast infiltration and degranulation in allergic reactions and presents anti-inflammatory properties.[31][32] The ethanolic extracts have also been positively correlated with a reduction in inflammatory disorders such as, arthritis and fevers.[33]
Environmental
Pistia's high sorption property makes it a candidate for biodegradable oil sorbents in marine oil spills. Particularly, the leaves of Pistia can efficiently absorb significant amounts of hydrocarbons due to its large surface area and hydrophobicity.[34]
As a hyper-accumulator, Pistia has been studied as a potential candidate for wastewater treatment plans. The roots and leaves of the plant has been found to absorb excess nutrients and heavy metals, such as zinc, chromium, and cadmium in contaminated waters.[35]
Pistia can be grown in water gardens to reduce the reduce harmful algal blooms. The plant is able to control the growth of algae by restricting light penetration in the water column and competing for nutrients.[36]
See also
References
- ^ "Pistia stratiotes". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ "Genus: Pistia L". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2006-02-23. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
- ^ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". wcsp.science.kew.org.
- ^ Buzgo, Matyas (1994). "Inflorescence development of Pistia stratiotes (Araceae)". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 115 (1): 557. doi:10.1186/1999-3110-55-30. PMC 5432749. PMID 28510972.
- ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. III: M-Q. CRC Press. p. 2084. ISBN 978-0-8493-2677-6.
- ^ "stratiotes". plantillustrations.org. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
- ^ Muniappan, Rangaswamy; Reddy, Gadi; Raman, Anantanarayanan (2009). Biological Control of Tropical Weeds Using Arthropods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 332–352. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511576348.017. ISBN 9780511576348.
- ^ Kasulo, V. 2000. The impact of invasive species in African lakes. In: The economics of biological invasions (eds. C. Perrings, M. Williamson and S. Dalmozzone). Pp. 183-207. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
- ^ a b c d Evans, Jason M. (July 1, 2013). "Pistia stratiotes L. in the Florida Peninsula: Biogeographic Evidence and Conservation Implications of Native Tenure for an 'Invasive' Aquatic Plant". Conservation and Society. 11 (3): 233. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121026 – via www.conservationandsociety.org.
- ^ a b Berry, E.W. 1917 (1917). "The fossil plants from Vero, Florida". The Journal of Geology. 25 (7): 661–666. Bibcode:1917JG.....25..661B. doi:10.1086/622533. JSTOR 30062509. S2CID 128893139.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Ramey, Victor (2001). "Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes)". Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ Park, K (2007). Parks Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine (19th ed.). Jabalpur India.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Wheeler, G.S; Halpern, M.D (1999). "Compensatory responses of Samea multiplicalis larvae when fed leaves of different fertilization levels of the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 92 (2): 205–216. doi:10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00539.x. S2CID 84780873.
- ^ Salo, Matti; Sirén, Anders; Kalliola, Risto (20 November 2013). Diagnosing Wild Species Harvest: Resource Use and Conservation. Academic Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-12-397755-7. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
- ^ Cilliers, Catharina J. (1987-10-21). "First Attempt at and Early Results on the Biological Control of Pistia stratiotes L. in South Africa". Koedoe. 30 (1): 35–40. doi:10.4102/koedoe.v30i1.500. ISSN 2071-0771.
- ^ Hutchinson, Jeffrey T.; MacDonald, Gregory E.; Langeland, Kenneth A. (July 2007). "The Potential for Herbicide Resistance in Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas". Natural Areas Journal. 27 (3): 258–263. doi:10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27[258:tpfhri]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0885-8608.
- ^ "Pistia stratiotes Linn. var. cuneata Engl.", SpringerReference, Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, retrieved 2021-11-13
- ^ D., Center, Ted (2002). Insects and other arthropods that feed on aquatic and wetland plants. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. OCLC 54673566.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Evans, JasonM (2013). "Pistia stratiotes L. in the Florida Peninsula: Biogeographic Evidence and Conservation Implications of Native Tenure for an ′Invasive′ Aquatic Plant". Conservation and Society. 11 (3): 233. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121026. ISSN 0972-4923.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Stockey, R.A., Rothwell, G.R. and Johnson, K.R. 2007. Cobbania corrugata gen. et comb. nov. (Araceae): A floating aquatic monocot from the Upper Cretaceous of western North America. American Journal of Botany, vol. 94, no. 4, p. 609-624.
- ^ Stockey, R.A., Rothwell, G.R. and Johnson, K.R. 2016. Evaluating relationships among floating aquatic monocots: A new species of Cobbania (Araceae) from the Upper Maastrichtian of South Dakota. International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 177, no. 8, p. 706-725.
- ^ Angiosperm Fruits and Seeds from the Middle Miocene of Jutland (Denmark) by Else Marie Friis, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters 24:3, 1985
- ^ Gupta, R; Tripathi, P; Kumar, R; Sharma, AK; Mishra, A (2010). "Pistia stratiotes (Jalkumbhi)". Pharmacognosy Reviews. 4 (8): 153. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.70909. ISSN 0973-7847.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Lu, Qin; He, Zhenli L.; Graetz, Donald A.; Stoffella, Peter J.; Yang, Xiaoe (July 2011). "Uptake and distribution of metals by water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.)". Environmental Science and Pollution Research International. 18 (6): 978–986. doi:10.1007/s11356-011-0453-0. ISSN 1614-7499. PMID 21287283.
- ^ "Water Lettuce". 19 March 2012.
- ^ Kumar, Parveen; Patel, Mikita; Oster, Robert A.; Yarlagadda, Vidhush; Ambrosetti, Adam; Assimos, Dean G.; Mitchell, Tanecia (2021). "Dietary Oxalate Loading Impacts Monocyte Metabolism and Inflammatory Signaling in Humans". Frontiers in Immunology. 12: 105. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.617508. ISSN 1664-3224.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Ajibesin, Kola' Kayode (2012-11-25). "Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used for Skin Diseases and Related Ailments in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria". Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 10: 463–522. ISSN 1547-3465.
- ^ a b Shyamsundar, D; Premkumar, VG (2005). "Antidermatophytic activity ofPistia stratiotes". Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 37 (2): 127. doi:10.4103/0253-7613.15116. ISSN 0253-7613.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Koffuor, GeorgeAsumeng; Kyei, Samuel; Asiamah, EmmanuelA; Atobiga, ClementNsobire; Awuah, Agnes; Abokyi, Samuel (2014). "Antiallergic effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Pistia stratiotes in murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis". Pharmacognosy Research. 6 (4): 274. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.138243. ISSN 0974-8490.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Pistia stratiotes Linn. [family ARACEAE] on JSTOR". plants.jstor.org. doi:10.5555/al.ap.upwta.1_447. Retrieved 2021-11-29.
{{cite web}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ Koffuor, GeorgeAsumeng; Kyei, Samuel; Asiamah, EmmanuelA; Atobiga, ClementNsobire; Awuah, Agnes; Abokyi, Samuel (2014). "Antiallergic effect of an aqueous leaf extract of Pistia stratiotes in murine model of ovalbumin-induced allergic conjunctivitis". Pharmacognosy Research. 6 (4): 274. doi:10.4103/0974-8490.138243. ISSN 0974-8490.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Koffuor, G. A.; Kyei, S.; Woode, E.; Ekuadzi, E.; Ben, I. O. (2012). "Possible mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity and safety profile of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Pistia stratiotes Linn (Araceae)". Journal of the Ghana Science Association. 14 (1): 69–81. doi:10.4314/jgsa.v14i1. ISSN 0855-3823.
- ^ Koffuor, George; Kyei; Boampong (2012-03). "Antiarthritic effect of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Pistia stratiotes in adjuvant-induced arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats". Journal of Experimental Pharmacology: 41. doi:10.2147/jep.s29792. ISSN 1179-1454.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Gaballah, M. S.; Ismail, K.; Beltagy, A.; Zein Eldin, A. M.; Ismail, M. M. (May 2019). "Wastewater Treatment Potential of Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) with Modified Engineering Design". Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology. 41 (3): 197–205. doi:10.3103/s1063455x1903010x. ISSN 1063-455X.
- ^ Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Dornelas; do Amaral Sobrinho, Nelson Moura Brasil; dos Santos, Fabiana Soares; dos Santos, André Marques; Pereira, Ana Carolina Callegario; Lima, Erica Souto Abreu (2017-03-28). "Biosorption of Toxic Metals by Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes) Biomass". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 228 (4). doi:10.1007/s11270-017-3340-6. ISSN 0049-6979.
- ^ Wu, Xiang; Wu, Hao; Chen, Junren; Ye, Jinyun (2013-05-08). "Effects of allelochemical extracted from water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes Linn.) on the growth, microcystin production and release of Microcystis aeruginosa". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 20 (11): 8192–8201. doi:10.1007/s11356-013-1783-x. ISSN 0944-1344.
External links
Media related to Pistia stratiotes at Wikimedia Commons- Centre for Aquatic and Invasive Plants
- Pistia stratiotes information from the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project (HEAR)
- Species Profile- Water Lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for Water Lettuce.
- Pistia stratiotes in West African plants – A Photo Guide.
