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In 1986, Lang mounted what the ''[[New York Times]]'' described as a "one-man challenge" against the nomination of political scientist [[Samuel P. Huntington]] to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="nyt-obit">{{cite news | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Serge Lang, 78, a Gadfly and Mathematical Theorist, Dies | first = Kenneth | last = Change |author2=Warren Leary | date = September 25, 2005 | access-date = August 13, 2010 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/national/25lang.html}}</ref> Lang described Huntington's research, in particular his use of mathematical equations to demonstrate that South Africa was a "satisfied society", as "pseudoscience", arguing that it gave "the illusion of science without any of its substance." Despite support for Huntington from the Academy's social and behavioral scientists, Lang's challenge was successful, and Huntington was twice rejected for Academy membership. Huntington's supporters argued that Lang's opposition was political rather than scientific in nature.<ref name="nyt-academy">{{cite news | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Science Academy Rejects Harvard Political Scientist | first = George | last = Johnson |author2=Laura Mansnerus | date = May 3, 1987 | access-date = August 13, 2010 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/weekinreview/ideas-trends-science-academy-rejects-harvard-political-scientist.html}}</ref> Lang's detailed description of these events, "Academia, Journalism, and Politics: A Case Study: The Huntington Case", occupies the first 222 pages of his 1998 book ''Challenges''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Serge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0avTrkyT1VcC&pg=PA560|title=Challenges|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=978-0-387-94861-4|location=New York|author-link=Serge Lang}}</ref>
In 1986, Lang mounted what the ''[[New York Times]]'' described as a "one-man challenge" against the nomination of political scientist [[Samuel P. Huntington]] to the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="nyt-obit">{{cite news | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Serge Lang, 78, a Gadfly and Mathematical Theorist, Dies | first = Kenneth | last = Change |author2=Warren Leary | date = September 25, 2005 | access-date = August 13, 2010 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/25/national/25lang.html}}</ref> Lang described Huntington's research, in particular his use of mathematical equations to demonstrate that South Africa was a "satisfied society", as "pseudoscience", arguing that it gave "the illusion of science without any of its substance." Despite support for Huntington from the Academy's social and behavioral scientists, Lang's challenge was successful, and Huntington was twice rejected for Academy membership. Huntington's supporters argued that Lang's opposition was political rather than scientific in nature.<ref name="nyt-academy">{{cite news | work = [[New York Times]] | title = Science Academy Rejects Harvard Political Scientist | first = George | last = Johnson |author2=Laura Mansnerus | date = May 3, 1987 | access-date = August 13, 2010 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/weekinreview/ideas-trends-science-academy-rejects-harvard-political-scientist.html}}</ref> Lang's detailed description of these events, "Academia, Journalism, and Politics: A Case Study: The Huntington Case", occupies the first 222 pages of his 1998 book ''Challenges''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lang|first=Serge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0avTrkyT1VcC&pg=PA560|title=Challenges|publisher=Springer|year=1999|isbn=978-0-387-94861-4|location=New York|author-link=Serge Lang}}</ref>


Lang kept his political correspondence and related documentation in extensive "files". He would send letters or publish articles, wait for responses, engage the writers in further correspondence, collect all these writings together and point out what he considered contradictions. He often mailed these files to people he considered important; some of them were also published in his books ''Challenges'' ({{isbn|0-387-94861-9}}) and ''[[The File]]'' ({{isbn|0-387-90607-X}}). His extensive file criticizing Nobel laureate [[David Baltimore]] was published in the journal ''Ethics and Behaviour'' in January 1993.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327019eb0301_1 Questions of Scientific Responsibility: The Baltimore Case] From the journal Ethics and Behavior Vol. 3 No. 1 (1993) pp. 3–72, Serge Lang, Mathematics Department, Yale University</ref> Lang fought the decision by Yale University to hire [[Daniel Kevles]], a [[History of science|historian of science]], because Lang disagreed with Kevles' analysis in ''The Baltimore Case''.
Lang kept his political correspondence and related documentation in extensive "files". He would send letters or publish articles, wait for responses, engage the writers in further correspondence, collect all these writings together and point out what he considered contradictions. He often mailed these files to people he considered important; some of them were also published in his books ''Challenges''<ref name="challenges">{{cite book |last1=O'Hara |first1=Michael W. |last2=Lang |first2=Serge |title=Challenges |date=1998 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-0-387-94861-4 |url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Challenges/0avTrkyT1VcC?hl=en |access-date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and ''The File : Case Study in Correction (1977-1979)''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lang |first1=Serge |title=The File : Case Study in Correction (1977-1979) |date=1981 |publisher=Springer New York |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4613-8145-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-8145-7 |access-date=4 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>. His extensive file criticizing Nobel laureate [[David Baltimore]] was published in the journal ''Ethics and Behaviour'' in January 1993<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327019eb0301_1 Questions of Scientific Responsibility: The Baltimore Case] From the journal Ethics and Behavior Vol. 3 No. 1 (1993) pp. 3–72, Serge Lang, Mathematics Department, Yale University</ref> and in his book ''Challenges''.<ref name="challenges"/> Lang fought the decision by Yale University to hire [[Daniel Kevles]], a [[History of science|historian of science]], because Lang disagreed with Kevles' analysis in ''The Baltimore Case''.


Lang's most controversial political stance was as an [[AIDS denialist|HIV/AIDS denialist]].<ref>{{cite journal| editor1-last=Jorgenson| editor1-first=Jay| editor2-last=Krantz| editor2-first=Steven G. | editor2-link=Steven G. Krantz | date=May 2006 | title=Serge Lang, 1927–2005| url=http://www.ams.org/notices/200605/fea-lang.pdf| journal=[[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]]| volume=53| issue=5| pages=536&ndash;553}}</ref> He maintained that the prevailing scientific consensus that [[HIV]] causes [[AIDS]] had not been backed up by reliable [[scientific method|scientific research]], yet for political and commercial reasons further research questioning the current point of view was suppressed. In public he was very outspoken about this point and a portion of ''Challenges'' is devoted to this issue.
Lang's most controversial political stance was as an [[AIDS denialist|HIV/AIDS denialist]].<ref>{{cite journal| editor1-last=Jorgenson| editor1-first=Jay| editor2-last=Krantz| editor2-first=Steven G. | editor2-link=Steven G. Krantz | date=May 2006 | title=Serge Lang, 1927–2005| url=http://www.ams.org/notices/200605/fea-lang.pdf| journal=[[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]]| volume=53| issue=5| pages=536&ndash;553}}</ref> He maintained that the prevailing scientific consensus that [[HIV]] causes [[AIDS]] had not been backed up by reliable [[scientific method|scientific research]], yet for political and commercial reasons further research questioning the current point of view was suppressed. In public he was very outspoken about this point and a portion of ''Challenges'' is devoted to this issue.<ref name="challenges"/>


==List of books==
==List of books==

Revision as of 08:32, 4 May 2022

This article is about the French-American mathematician. For the French journalist who founded the alpine skiing World Cup, see Serge Lang (skiing).
Serge Lang
Serge Lang (1927–2005)
Born(1927-05-19)May 19, 1927
Paris, France
DiedSeptember 12, 2005(2005-09-12) (aged 78)
Berkeley, California
CitizenshipFrench American
EducationCalifornia Institute of Technology (B.A.)
Princeton University (Ph.D.)
Known forWork in number theory
AwardsLeroy P. Steele Prize (1999)
Cole Prize (1960)
Scientific career
FieldsMathematics
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Columbia University
Yale University
Thesis On Quasi Algebraic Closure  (1951)
Doctoral advisorEmil Artin
Doctoral studentsMinhyong Kim
Stephen Schanuel

Serge Lang (French: [lɑ̃ɡ]; May 19, 1927 – September 12, 2005) was a French-American mathematician and activist who taught at Yale University for most of his career. He is known for his work in number theory and for his mathematics textbooks, including the influential Algebra. He received the Frank Nelson Cole Prize in 1960 and was a member of the Bourbaki group.

As an activist, Lang campaigned against the Vietnam War, and also successfully fought against the nomination of the political scientist Samuel P. Huntington to the National Academies of Science. Later in his life, Lang was an HIV/AIDS denialist. He claimed that HIV had not been proven to cause AIDS and protested Yale's research into HIV/AIDS.[1]

Biography and mathematical work

Lang was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, close to Paris, in 1927. He had a twin brother who became a basketball coach and a sister who became an actress.[2] Lang moved with his family to California as a teenager, where he graduated in 1943 from Beverly Hills High School. He subsequently graduated with an A.B. from the California Institute of Technology in 1946. He then received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Princeton University in 1951. He held faculty positions at the University of Chicago, Columbia University (from 1955, leaving in 1971 in a dispute), and Yale University.

Lang studied at Princeton University, writing his thesis titled "On quasi algebraic closure" under the supervision of Emil Artin,[3][4] and then worked on the geometric analogues of class field theory and diophantine geometry. Later he moved into diophantine approximation and transcendental number theory, proving the Schneider–Lang theorem. A break in research while he was involved in trying to meet 1960s student activism halfway caused him (by his own description) difficulties in picking up the threads afterwards. He wrote on modular forms and modular units, the idea of a 'distribution' on a profinite group, and value distribution theory. He made a number of conjectures in diophantine geometry: Mordell–Lang conjecture, Bombieri–Lang conjecture, Lang–Trotter conjecture, and the Lang conjecture on analytically hyperbolic varieties. He introduced the Lang map, the Katz–Lang finiteness theorem, and the Lang–Steinberg theorem (cf. Lang's theorem) in algebraic groups.[5]

Mathematical books

Lang was a prolific writer of mathematical texts, often completing one on his summer vacation. Most are at the graduate level. He wrote calculus texts and also prepared a book on group cohomology for Bourbaki. Lang's Algebra, a graduate-level introduction to abstract algebra, was a highly influential text that ran through numerous updated editions. His Steele prize citation stated, "Lang's Algebra changed the way graduate algebra is taught...It has affected all subsequent graduate-level algebra books." It contained ideas of his teacher, Artin; some of the most interesting passages in Algebraic Number Theory also reflect Artin's influence and ideas that might otherwise not have been published in that or any form.

Awards as expositor

Lang was noted for his eagerness for contact with students. He was described as a passionate teacher who would throw chalk at students who he believed were not paying attention. One of his colleagues recalled: "He would rant and rave in front of his students. He would say, 'Our two aims are truth and clarity, and to achieve these I will shout in class.'"[6] He won a Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (1999) from the American Mathematical Society. In 1960, he won the sixth Frank Nelson Cole Prize in Algebra for his paper "Unramified class field theory over function fields in several variables" (Annals of Mathematics, Series 2, volume 64 (1956), pp. 285–325).

Activism

Lang spent much of his professional time engaged in political activism. He was a staunch socialist and active in opposition to the Vietnam War, volunteering for the 1966 anti-war campaign of Robert Scheer (the subject of his book The Scheer Campaign).[citation needed] Lang later quit his position at Columbia in 1971 in protest over the university's treatment of anti-war protesters.

Lang engaged in several efforts to challenge anyone he believed was spreading misinformation or misusing science or mathematics to further their own goals. He attacked the 1977 Survey of the American Professoriate, an opinion questionnaire that Seymour Martin Lipset and E. C. Ladd had sent to thousands of college professors in the United States, accusing it of containing numerous biased and loaded questions.[7] This led to a public and highly acrimonious conflict.

In 1986, Lang mounted what the New York Times described as a "one-man challenge" against the nomination of political scientist Samuel P. Huntington to the National Academy of Sciences.[6] Lang described Huntington's research, in particular his use of mathematical equations to demonstrate that South Africa was a "satisfied society", as "pseudoscience", arguing that it gave "the illusion of science without any of its substance." Despite support for Huntington from the Academy's social and behavioral scientists, Lang's challenge was successful, and Huntington was twice rejected for Academy membership. Huntington's supporters argued that Lang's opposition was political rather than scientific in nature.[8] Lang's detailed description of these events, "Academia, Journalism, and Politics: A Case Study: The Huntington Case", occupies the first 222 pages of his 1998 book Challenges.[9]

Lang kept his political correspondence and related documentation in extensive "files". He would send letters or publish articles, wait for responses, engage the writers in further correspondence, collect all these writings together and point out what he considered contradictions. He often mailed these files to people he considered important; some of them were also published in his books Challenges[10] and The File : Case Study in Correction (1977-1979)[11]. His extensive file criticizing Nobel laureate David Baltimore was published in the journal Ethics and Behaviour in January 1993[12] and in his book Challenges.[10] Lang fought the decision by Yale University to hire Daniel Kevles, a historian of science, because Lang disagreed with Kevles' analysis in The Baltimore Case.

Lang's most controversial political stance was as an HIV/AIDS denialist.[13] He maintained that the prevailing scientific consensus that HIV causes AIDS had not been backed up by reliable scientific research, yet for political and commercial reasons further research questioning the current point of view was suppressed. In public he was very outspoken about this point and a portion of Challenges is devoted to this issue.[10]

List of books

  • Lang, Serge (20 March 2019). Introduction to Algebraic Geometry. ISBN 978-0486839806.[14]
  • Lang, Serge (13 February 2019). Abelian Varieties. ISBN 9780486839769.
  • Diophantine Geometry (1962)[15][16]
  • Introduction to Differentiable Manifolds. Universitext. 2002. doi:10.1007/b97450. ISBN 978-0-387-95477-6.[17]
  • A First Course in Calculus. Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics. 1986. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-8532-3. ISBN 978-1-4612-6428-6.
  • Algebraic Numbers (1964)
  • A Second Course in Calculus (Addison-Wesley, 1965)[18][19][20] ASIN B0007DW0KS
  • Algebra (1965) and many later editions
  • Algebraic Structures (1966)
  • Introduction to Diophantine Approximations (1966)
  • Introduction to Transcendental Numbers (1966)
  • Linear Algebra (1966)
  • Rapport sur la Cohomologie des Groupes (1966)[21] as Topics in Cohomology of Groups (1986)
  • A Complete Course in Calculus (1968)
  • Analysis I (1968)
  • Analysis II (1969)
  • Real Analysis (1969)
  • Algebraic Number Theory (1970)[22]
  • Introduction To Linear Algebra (1970)
  • Basic Mathematics (1971)
  • Differential Manifolds (1972)
  • Introduction to Algebraic and Abelian Functions (1972)
  • Calculus of Several Variables (1973)
  • Elliptic Functions (1973)[23]
  • SL2(R) (1975)[24]
  • Introduction to Modular Forms (1976)[25]
  • Complex Analysis (1977)
  • Cyclotomic Fields (1978)
  • Elliptic Curves: Diophantine Analysis (1978)[26]
  • Modular Units (1981) with Dan Kubert
  • The File: Case Study in Correction 1977–1979 (1981)
  • Undergraduate Analysis (1983)
  • Complex Multiplication (1983)
  • Fundamentals Of Diophantine Geometry (1983)
  • The Beauty of Doing Mathematics: Three Public Dialogues (1985)
  • Math!: Encounters with High School Students (1985)
  • Riemann-Roch Algebra. Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften. Vol. 277. 1985. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1858-4. ISBN 978-1-4419-3073-6.
  • Introduction To Complex Hyperbolic Spaces (1987)[27]
  • Geometry (1988)
  • Introduction to Arakelov Theory (1988)[28]
  • Cyclotomic Fields II (1989)
  • Undergraduate Algebra (1990)
  • Real and Functional Analysis (1993)
  • Differential and Riemannian Manifolds (1995)
  • Basic Analysis of Regularized Series and Products (1993) with Jay Jorgenson
  • Challenges (1997)
  • Lang, S. (1997), Survey of Diophantine geometry, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 3-540-61223-8, Zbl 0869.11051
  • Fundamentals of Differential Geometry (1999)
  • Math Talks for Undergraduates (1999)
  • Shakarchi, Rami (1999). Problems and Solutions for Complex Analysis. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-1534-9. ISBN 978-0-387-98831-3.
  • Lang, Serge (29 May 2013). Collected Papers I: 1952-1970. ISBN 978-1-4614-6136-4.
  • Lang, Serge (29 August 2013). Collected Papers II: 1971–1977. ISBN 978-1461461371.
  • Lang, Serge (2 March 2013). Collected Papers III: 1978–1990. ISBN 9781461461395.
  • Lang, Serge (29 May 2013). Collected Papers IV: 1990-1996. ISBN 978-1461461388.
  • Lang, Serge (2 March 2013). Collected Papers V: 1993-1999. ISBN 9780387950303.
  • Spherical Inversion on SLn(R) (2001) with Jay Jorgenson[29]
  • Posn(R) and Eisenstein Series (2005) with Jay Jorgenson
  • The Heat Kernel and Theta Inversion on SL2(C) (2008) with Jay Jorgenson
  • Heat Eisenstein series on SLn(C) (2009) with Jay Jorgenson

References

  1. ^ Kalichman, Seth (2009). Denying AIDS: Conspiracy Theories, Pseudoscience, and Human Tragedy. Springer. p. 182. ISBN 9780387794761. Lang descended into HIV/AIDS denialism and protested what he saw as the unjust treatment of Duesberg. He conducted a flawed analysis of Duesberg's grant failings and called into question the entire NIH review process. He also caused a bit of commotion on the Yale campus when AIDS speakers visited. He protested the appointment of former Global AIDS Program Director at the World Health Organization Michael Merson as Yale's Dean of Public Health and launched a series of letter writing campaigns to Yale administrators about the role the university was playing in the global AIDS conspiracy.
  2. ^ Jorgenson, Jay; Krantz, Steven G., eds. (May 2006). "Serge Lang, 1927–2005" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 53 (5): 536–553.
  3. ^ Lang, Serge (1951). On quasi algebraic closure. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University.
  4. ^ Serge Lang at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  5. ^ Daniel Bump, "The Lang Map"
  6. ^ a b Change, Kenneth; Warren Leary (September 25, 2005). "Serge Lang, 78, a Gadfly and Mathematical Theorist, Dies". New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  7. ^ Serge Lang (18 May 1978), "The Professors: A Survey of a Survey", The New York Review of Books available online as reprinted in Challenges
  8. ^ Johnson, George; Laura Mansnerus (May 3, 1987). "Science Academy Rejects Harvard Political Scientist". New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
  9. ^ Lang, Serge (1999). Challenges. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94861-4.
  10. ^ a b c O'Hara, Michael W.; Lang, Serge (1998). Challenges. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-94861-4. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  11. ^ Lang, Serge (1981). The File : Case Study in Correction (1977-1979). New York, NY: Springer New York. ISBN 978-1-4613-8145-7. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  12. ^ Questions of Scientific Responsibility: The Baltimore Case From the journal Ethics and Behavior Vol. 3 No. 1 (1993) pp. 3–72, Serge Lang, Mathematics Department, Yale University
  13. ^ Jorgenson, Jay; Krantz, Steven G., eds. (May 2006). "Serge Lang, 1927–2005" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 53 (5): 536–553.
  14. ^ Rosenlicht, M. (1959). "Review: Introduction to algebraic geometry. By Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 65 (6): 341–342. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1959-10361-x.
  15. ^ Mordell, L. J. (1964). "Review: Diophantine geometry. By Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 70 (4): 491–498. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1964-11164-2.
  16. ^ Lang, Serge (January 1995). "Mordell's review, Siegel's letter to Mordell, Diophantine Geomertry, and 20th century mathematics" (PDF). Gazette des mathématiciens (63): 17–36.
  17. ^ Abraham, Ralph (1964). "Review: Introduction to differential manifolds. By Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 70 (2): 225–227. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1964-11089-2.
  18. ^ Magill, K. D. (1965-01-01). "Review of A Second Course in Calculus". The American Mathematical Monthly. 72 (9): 1048–1049. doi:10.2307/2313382. JSTOR 2313382.
  19. ^ Meacham, R. C. (1966-01-01). "Review of A Second Course in Calculus". Mathematics Magazine. 39 (2): 124. doi:10.2307/2688730. JSTOR 2688730.
  20. ^ Niven, Ivan (1970-01-01). "Review of A Second Course in Calculus". Mathematics Magazine. 43 (5): 277–278. doi:10.2307/2688750. JSTOR 2688750.
  21. ^ Hochschild, G. (1969). "Review: Rapport sur la cohomologie des groupes by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 75 (5): 927–929. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1969-12294-9.
  22. ^ Corwin, Lawrence (1972). "Review: Algebraic Number Theory by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 78 (5): 690–693. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1972-12984-7.
  23. ^ Roquette, Peter (1976). "Review: Elliptic functions, by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (4): 523–526. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1976-14082-7.
  24. ^ Langlands, R. P. (1976). "SL2(R), by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 82 (5): 688–691. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1976-14109-2.
  25. ^ Terras, Audrey (1980). "Review: Introduction to modular forms, by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 2 (1): 206–214. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1980-14722-9.
  26. ^ Baker, Alan (1980). "Review: Elliptic curves: Diophantine analysis, by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 2 (2): 352–354. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1980-14756-4.
  27. ^ Green, Mark (1988). "Review: Introduction to complex hyperbolic spaces by Serge Lang". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 18 (2): 188–191. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1988-15644-3.
  28. ^ Silverman, Joseph H. (1989). "Review: Introduction to Arakelov theory, by Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 21 (1): 171–176. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1989-15806-0.
  29. ^ Krötz, Bernhard (2002). "Spherical Inversion on SLn(R), by Jay Jorgenson and Serge Lang" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.). 40 (1): 137–142. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-02-00962-x.

Sources and further reading

External links

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