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==Plate tectonics==
==Plate tectonics==
[[File:Sea of Japan descr.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Topographical map of the Sea of Japan]]
The Sea of Japan represents a [[back-arc basin]] that formed via geological [[rift]]ing of continental crust from the late [[Oligocene]] to middle [[Miocene]] (28–13 million years ago).<ref name="Matsuzaki18">{{cite journal |last1=Matsuzaki |first1=K.M. |last2=Itaki |first2=T. |last3=Tada |first3=R. |last4=Kamikuri |first4=S. |title=Paleoceanographic history of the Japan Sea over the last 9.5 million years inferred from radiolarian assemblages (IODP Expedition 346 Sites U1425 and U1430) |journal=Progress in Earth and Planetary Science |date=18 September 2018 |volume=54 |issue=5 |doi=10.1186/s40645-018-0204-7}}</ref> The Sea of Japan can be divided into sub-basins; the Japan Basin, Yamato Basin and Tsushima Basin. [[Seafloor spreading]] in the Sea of Japan was restricted to the Japan Basin and ceased by the middle Miocene.<ref name="Sato2020">{{cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=T. |last2=No |first2=T. |last3=Arai |first3=R. |last4=Miura |first4=S. |last5=Kodaira |first5=S. |title=Transition from continental rift to back-arc basin in the southern Japan Sea deduced from seismic velocity structures |journal=Geophysical Journal International |date=9 January 2020 |volume=221 |issue=1 |pages=722–739 |doi=10.1093/gji/ggaa006}}</ref>

Following the end of seafloor spreading, its eastern margin experienced weak compression between 10 and 3.5 million years ago. Crustal shortening has been ongoing in the eastern margin and back-arc region of the [[Northeastern Japan Arc]] since 3.5 million years ago. This [[Deformation (engineering)|deformation]] is attributed to east–west compressive forces, forming [[fold and thrust belt]]s along the eastern margin. The southern margin was subjected to north–south or northwest–southeast compression about 8–5 million years ago. Presently, the southern margin hosts mainly [[Strike-slip tectonics|strike-slip]] faults.<ref name="Sato2020" />

The margin is located at the boundary marking the [[Amurian Plate|Amurian]] and [[Okhotsk Plate|Okhotsk]] plates. Oceanic lithosphere from the Sea of Japan located on the Amurian Plate converges with the Japanese archipelago on the Okhotsk Plate. A [[Wadati–Benioff zone]] which is evidence for subduction, is absent in the zone, hence subduction is doubtful. However, it may be an incipient eastward-dipping subduction zone.<ref name="Tamaki85">{{cite journal |last1=Tamaki |first1=Kensaku |last2=Honza |first2=Eiichi |title=Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |date=20 October 1985 |volume=119 |issue=1–4 |pages=381–406 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2 |bibcode=1985Tectp.119..381T |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195185900472 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>
The margin is located at the boundary marking the [[Amurian Plate|Amurian]] and [[Okhotsk Plate|Okhotsk]] plates. Oceanic lithosphere from the Sea of Japan located on the Amurian Plate converges with the Japanese archipelago on the Okhotsk Plate. A [[Wadati–Benioff zone]] which is evidence for subduction, is absent in the zone, hence subduction is doubtful. However, it may be an incipient eastward-dipping subduction zone.<ref name="Tamaki85">{{cite journal |last1=Tamaki |first1=Kensaku |last2=Honza |first2=Eiichi |title=Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea |journal=[[Tectonophysics (journal)|Tectonophysics]] |date=20 October 1985 |volume=119 |issue=1–4 |pages=381–406 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2 |bibcode=1985Tectp.119..381T |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0040195185900472 |access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref>


Revision as of 06:32, 11 January 2023

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan defined by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion in 2003

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan is a zone of concentrated geological strain which extends several hundred kilometers wide that extends north–south along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. The margin has undergone convergence tectonics since the end of the Pliocene.[1][2] It is believed to be an incipient subduction zone which defines the tectonic boundary between the Amurian and Okhotsk plates. This geological zone is seismically active and has been the source of destructive tsunamis. The feature runs off the west coast of Honshu, passes west of the Shakotan Peninsula on Hokkaido and through the Strait of Tartary, between Sakhalin and mainland Russia.

Plate tectonics

Topographical map of the Sea of Japan

The Sea of Japan represents a back-arc basin that formed via geological rifting of continental crust from the late Oligocene to middle Miocene (28–13 million years ago).[3] The Sea of Japan can be divided into sub-basins; the Japan Basin, Yamato Basin and Tsushima Basin. Seafloor spreading in the Sea of Japan was restricted to the Japan Basin and ceased by the middle Miocene.[4]

Following the end of seafloor spreading, its eastern margin experienced weak compression between 10 and 3.5 million years ago. Crustal shortening has been ongoing in the eastern margin and back-arc region of the Northeastern Japan Arc since 3.5 million years ago. This deformation is attributed to east–west compressive forces, forming fold and thrust belts along the eastern margin. The southern margin was subjected to north–south or northwest–southeast compression about 8–5 million years ago. Presently, the southern margin hosts mainly strike-slip faults.[4]

The margin is located at the boundary marking the Amurian and Okhotsk plates. Oceanic lithosphere from the Sea of Japan located on the Amurian Plate converges with the Japanese archipelago on the Okhotsk Plate. A Wadati–Benioff zone which is evidence for subduction, is absent in the zone, hence subduction is doubtful. However, it may be an incipient eastward-dipping subduction zone.[5]

The basis for defining this tectonic boundary is the occurrence of large magnitude 7 or greater earthquakes along a linear zone from offshore Niigata Prefecture to off the west coast of Hokkaido.[6] Following the 1983 Nihonkai-Chubu earthquake, the idea of a young plate boundary was proposed, but its mechanism is unknown—it has been proposed as a transform boundary or collision zone.[7]

Location

The margin passes north–south through the Shakotan Peninsula, Oshima Peninsula, and Tōhoku region. It junctions with the Niigata–Kobe Tectonic Zone and Itoigawa-Shizuoka Tectonic Line between Sado Island and the Noto Peninsula.[8] It strikes southwest in the western part of Fukushima Prefecture and extends to the border of Nagano and Toyama Prefecture. It exits north of Lake Biwa and continues to the eastern part of Shimane Prefecture. In the Sea of Japan, the cluster of extensional faults which were active during the formation of the sea remained. After the Pliocene, the stress field evolved from extensional to convergence. The compressive forces reactivated these faults and displayed thrust mechanisms.[9]

Seismicity and tsunamis

The eastern margin of the Sea of Japan was the source of historically destructive earthquakes and tsunamis.

Year Location Event Comments
1741 Oshima, off the coast of Hokkaido Volcanic eruption[10] and/or Mt  7.5–8.4 earthquake[11] About 2,000 people killed along the west coast of Japan from the resulting tsunami. Homes and fishing boats destroyed in Korea.[12]
1792 Shiribeshi Earthquake (M 7.1)
1793 (ja) Amoroi Earthquake (Muk  6.9) Generated a tsunami along the Tsugaru Peninsula.[13] Twelve people killed and 164 homes destroyed. Considerable damage in Ajigasawa.[14][15]
1802 (ja) Sado Island Earthquake (Muk  6.6) At least 19 people killed, 732 homes destroyed and 1,423 damaged.[16] Caused 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of uplift on the Ogi Peninsula, exposing pillow lava from the Miocene.[17]
1804 (ja) Kisa, Akita Earthquake (Mw  7.1[18]) At least 450 killed and 10,810 houses destroyed.[19] A 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tsunami flooded 300 homes in Kisagata and Sakata.[20]
1828 (ja) Sanjō Niigata Earthquake (Muk  6.9[21]) At least 1,443 killed and 11,750 houses ruined.[22] No tsunami.[20]
1833 Yamagata Earthquake (MJMA  7.5–7.7,[23]) At least 150 people killed.[23] Tsunami recorded with a maximum height of 8 m (26 ft) at Kamo.[24]

References

  1. ^ 過去にも繰り返し発生　新潟沖にのびる「ひずみ集中帯」の地震 FNN.jpプライムオンライン 記事：2019年6月19日
  2. ^ 佐藤比呂志 ほか、「ひずみ集中帯地殻構造探査・三条-弥彦測線の成果 (総特集 日本海東縁ひずみ集中帯の構造とアクティブテクトニクス(2))」 『月刊地球』 32(7), 403-410, 2010-07, Template:Naid
  3. ^ Matsuzaki, K.M.; Itaki, T.; Tada, R.; Kamikuri, S. (18 September 2018). "Paleoceanographic history of the Japan Sea over the last 9.5 million years inferred from radiolarian assemblages (IODP Expedition 346 Sites U1425 and U1430)". Progress in Earth and Planetary Science. 54 (5). doi:10.1186/s40645-018-0204-7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ a b Sato, T.; No, T.; Arai, R.; Miura, S.; Kodaira, S. (9 January 2020). "Transition from continental rift to back-arc basin in the southern Japan Sea deduced from seismic velocity structures". Geophysical Journal International. 221 (1): 722–739. doi:10.1093/gji/ggaa006.
  5. ^ Tamaki, Kensaku; Honza, Eiichi (20 October 1985). "Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea". Tectonophysics. 119 (1–4): 381–406. Bibcode:1985Tectp.119..381T. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(85)90047-2. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  6. ^ 渡辺真人 ほか、日本海東縁，奥尻海嶺および周辺の大地震と海底変動 『JAMSTEC深海研究』 2000年 第16号
  7. ^ Uda, Tsuyoshi; Hiramatsu, Yukiko; Azuma, Shinji. "新潟平野～信濃川構造帯の地震と活断層" [Earthquakes and Active Faults in the Niigata Plain-Shinanogawa Tectonic Zone] (PDF) (in Japanese). Niigata University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ 相田勇、噴火により発生する津波の見積り : 1741年渡島大島の場合 『東京大学地震研究所彙報』 第59冊 第4号, 1985.3.30, pp.519-531
  9. ^ 佐藤比呂志：日本列島のインバージョンテクトニクス 『活断層研究』 1996年 1996巻 15号 p.128-132, doi:10.11462/afr1985.1996.15_128
  10. ^ Satake, Kenji (19 January 2007). "Volcanic origin of the 1741 Oshima-Oshima tsunami in the Japan Sea" (PDF). Earth Planets Space. 59 (5): 381–390. Bibcode:2007EP&S...59..381S. doi:10.1186/BF03352698. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  11. ^ Yukinobu Okamura (1998). 日本海東縁海域の活構造およびその地震との関係 [Active structure in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan and its relationship with earthquakes] (PDF). Geological Survey Monthly Report (in Japanese). 49 (1). Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  12. ^ Sang-Shin Byun; Kyeong Ok Kim (25 February 2021). "A study on the effects of the 1741 tsunami recorded in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty". Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers. 33 (1): 30–37. doi:10.9765/KSCOE.2021.33.1.30. S2CID 233955868. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  13. ^ Okada, R.; Umeda, K.; Kamataki, T.; Sawai, Y.; Matsumoto, D.; Shimada, Y.; Ioki, K. "Geological record of 18th and 19th century tsunamis along the Japan Sea coast of Tsugaru Peninsula, northwestern Japan". Marine Geology. 453. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106905.
  14. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  15. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Global Historical Tsunami Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7
  16. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  17. ^ Ota, Y.; Matsuda, T.; Naganuma, K. (1976). "佐渡小木地震 (1802年) による土地隆起量の分布とその意義" [Distribution and Significance of Land Uplift Due to the Sado Ogi Earthquake (1802)]. Earthquake Series 2. 29 (1): 55–70. doi:10.4294/zisin1948.29.1_55.
  18. ^ Imai, K.; Okada, S.; Takahashi, N.; Ebina, Y.; Tsuji, Y. (2020). "Fault Model of the 1804 Kisakata Earthquake (Akita, Japan)". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (5): 2674–2684.
  19. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  20. ^ a b National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Global Historical Tsunami Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5PN93H7
  21. ^ Nishiyama, A.; Satake, K.; Yata, T.; Urabe, A. (2010). "Re-examination of the damage distribution and the source of the 1828 Sanjo Earthquake in central Japan". American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2010, abstract id. T11B-2066. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS) (1972), Significant Earthquake Database (Data Set), National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
  23. ^ a b Hatori, Tokutaro (1990). "Magnitudes of the 1833 Yamagata-Oki Earthquake in the Japan Sea and its Tsunami". Zisin (Journal of the Seismological Society of Japan). Second Series (in Japanese). 43 (2): 227–232. doi:10.4294/zisin1948.43.2_227.
  24. ^ Kawakami, Gentaro; Kase, Yoshihiro; Atsushi, Urabe; Takashimizu, Yasuhiro (2017). "Tsunamis and possible tsunamigenic deposits along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea". Journal of the Geological Society of Japan. 123 (10): 857–877. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2017.0054.
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