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PAMPs are a set of molecular motifs that are present on the surface of various classes of microbes, but not on self-cells. So, they allow the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus, protect the host from infection.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Levinson W |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951918628 |title=Review of medical microbiology and immunology |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-07-184574-8 |edition=14th |location=New York |oclc=951918628}}</ref>{{rp|494}} Bacterial [[lipopolysaccharide]]s (LPSs), [[endotoxin]]s found on the [[cell membrane]]s of [[gram-negative bacteria]],<ref name="pmid20452953 ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S | title = The bacterial cell envelope | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = a000414 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20452953 | pmc = 2857177 | doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a000414 }}</ref> are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs. LPSs are specifically recognised by [[TLR4]], a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial [[flagellin]] (recognized by [[TLR5]]), [[lipoteichoic acid]] from [[gram-positive bacteria]] (recognized by TLR2),<ref name=pmid23954282>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dammermann W, Wollenberg L, Bentzien F, Lohse A, Lüth S | title = Toll like receptor 2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan are able to enhance antigen specific IFNγ release in whole blood during recall antigen responses | journal = Journal of Immunological Methods | volume = 396 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 107–115 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23954282 | doi = 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.004 }}</ref> [[peptidoglycan]] (recognized by TLR2),<ref name=pmid23954282/> and [[nucleic acid]] variants normally associated with [[virus]]es, such as double-stranded RNA ([[dsRNA]]), recognized by [[TLR3]] or unmethylated [[CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide|CpG]] motifs, recognized by [[TLR9]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H | title = Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology | journal = Frontiers in Immunology | volume = 4 | pages = 248 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24032031 | pmc = 3759294 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature. The recognition of PAMPs by the PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of [[Interferon|interferons]] (IFNs)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C | title = Innate recognition of viruses | journal = Immunity | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 370–383 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17892846 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or other cytokines.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O | title = Pathogen recognition and innate immunity | journal = Cell | volume = 124 | issue = 4 | pages = 783–801 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16497588 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
PAMPs are a set of molecular motifs that are present on the surface of various classes of microbes, but not on self-cells. So, they allow the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus, protect the host from infection.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Levinson W |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951918628 |title=Review of medical microbiology and immunology |date=2016 |isbn=978-0-07-184574-8 |edition=14th |location=New York |oclc=951918628}}</ref>{{rp|494}} Bacterial [[lipopolysaccharide]]s (LPSs), [[endotoxin]]s found on the [[cell membrane]]s of [[gram-negative bacteria]],<ref name="pmid20452953 ">{{cite journal | vauthors = Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S | title = The bacterial cell envelope | journal = Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 5 | pages = a000414 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20452953 | pmc = 2857177 | doi = 10.1101/cshperspect.a000414 }}</ref> are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs. LPSs are specifically recognised by [[TLR4]], a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial [[flagellin]] (recognized by [[TLR5]]), [[lipoteichoic acid]] from [[gram-positive bacteria]] (recognized by TLR2),<ref name=pmid23954282>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dammermann W, Wollenberg L, Bentzien F, Lohse A, Lüth S | title = Toll like receptor 2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan are able to enhance antigen specific IFNγ release in whole blood during recall antigen responses | journal = Journal of Immunological Methods | volume = 396 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 107–115 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23954282 | doi = 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.004 }}</ref> [[peptidoglycan]] (recognized by TLR2),<ref name=pmid23954282/> and [[nucleic acid]] variants normally associated with [[virus]]es, such as double-stranded RNA ([[dsRNA]]), recognized by [[TLR3]] or unmethylated [[CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide|CpG]] motifs, recognized by [[TLR9]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H | title = Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology | journal = Frontiers in Immunology | volume = 4 | pages = 248 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24032031 | pmc = 3759294 | doi = 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature. The recognition of PAMPs by the PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of [[Interferon|interferons]] (IFNs)<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C | title = Innate recognition of viruses | journal = Immunity | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 370–383 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17892846 | doi = 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012 | doi-access = free }}</ref> or other cytokines.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O | title = Pathogen recognition and innate immunity | journal = Cell | volume = 124 | issue = 4 | pages = 783–801 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16497588 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== PAMP==
=== History ===
The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koropatnick TA, Engle JT, Apicella MA, Stabb EV, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai MJ | title = Microbial factor-mediated development in a host-bacterial mutualism | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5699 | pages = 1186–1188 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15539604 | doi = 10.1126/science.1102218 | s2cid = 41603462 | bibcode = 2004Sci...306.1186K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ausubel FM | title = Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? | journal = Nature Immunology | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 973–979 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16177805 | doi = 10.1038/ni1253 | s2cid = 7451505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard JC | title = Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 62 | issue = 12 | pages = 1285–1287 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15971103 | pmc = 1865479 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4 }}</ref> has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl JP, Sirard JC | title = Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5 | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 580 | issue = 12 | pages = 2976–2984 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16650409 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036 | s2cid = 14300007 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.320.8479 }} (Free full text available)</ref> Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones JD, Dangl JL | title = The plant immune system | journal = Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7117 | pages = 323–329 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17108957 | doi = 10.1038/nature05286 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Natur.444..323J }}</ref>
First introduced by Janeway in 1989, PAMP was used to describe microbial components that would be considered foreign in a multicellular host<ref>{{Citation |last=Silva-Gomes |first=Sandro |title=Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) |date=2014 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_35-1 |work=Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases |pages=1–16 |editor-last=Parnham |editor-first=Michael |access-date=2023-03-10 |place=Basel |publisher=Springer Basel |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_35-1 |isbn=978-3-0348-0620-6 |last2=Decout |first2=Alexiane |last3=Nigou |first3=Jérôme}}</ref>. The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP),<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Koropatnick TA, Engle JT, Apicella MA, Stabb EV, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai MJ | title = Microbial factor-mediated development in a host-bacterial mutualism | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5699 | pages = 1186–1188 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15539604 | doi = 10.1126/science.1102218 | s2cid = 41603462 | bibcode = 2004Sci...306.1186K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ausubel FM | title = Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? | journal = Nature Immunology | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 973–979 | date = October 2005 | pmid = 16177805 | doi = 10.1038/ni1253 | s2cid = 7451505 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard JC | title = Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 62 | issue = 12 | pages = 1285–1287 | date = June 2005 | pmid = 15971103 | pmc = 1865479 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4 }}</ref> has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl JP, Sirard JC | title = Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5 | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 580 | issue = 12 | pages = 2976–2984 | date = May 2006 | pmid = 16650409 | doi = 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036 | s2cid = 14300007 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.320.8479 }} (Free full text available)</ref> Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones JD, Dangl JL | title = The plant immune system | journal = Nature | volume = 444 | issue = 7117 | pages = 323–329 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17108957 | doi = 10.1038/nature05286 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2006Natur.444..323J }}</ref>


=== In mycobacteria ===
=== In mycobacteria ===

Revision as of 03:32, 10 March 2023

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are small molecular motifs conserved within a class of microbes. They are recognized by toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both plants and animals.[1] A vast array of different types of molecules can serve as PAMPs, including glycans and glycoconjugates.[2]

PAMPs are a set of molecular motifs that are present on the surface of various classes of microbes, but not on self-cells. So, they allow the innate immune system to recognize pathogens and thus, protect the host from infection.[3]: 494  Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), endotoxins found on the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria,[4] are considered to be the prototypical class of PAMPs. LPSs are specifically recognised by TLR4, a recognition receptor of the innate immune system. Other PAMPs include bacterial flagellin (recognized by TLR5), lipoteichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria (recognized by TLR2),[5] peptidoglycan (recognized by TLR2),[5] and nucleic acid variants normally associated with viruses, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), recognized by TLR3 or unmethylated CpG motifs, recognized by TLR9.[6] Although the term "PAMP" is relatively new, the concept that molecules derived from microbes must be detected by receptors from multicellular organisms has been held for many decades, and references to an "endotoxin receptor" are found in much of the older literature. The recognition of PAMPs by the PRRs triggers activation of several signaling cascades in the host immune cells like the stimulation of interferons (IFNs)[7] or other cytokines.[8]

History

First introduced by Janeway in 1989, PAMP was used to describe microbial components that would be considered foreign in a multicellular host[9]. The term "PAMP" has been criticized on the grounds that most microbes, not only pathogens, express the molecules detected; the term microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP),[10][11][12] has therefore been proposed. A virulence signal capable of binding to a pathogen receptor, in combination with a MAMP, has been proposed as one way to constitute a (pathogen-specific) PAMP.[13] Plant immunology frequently treats the terms "PAMP" and "MAMP" interchangeably, considering their recognition to be the first step in plant immunity, PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity), a relatively weak immune response that occurs when the host plant does not also recognize pathogenic effectors that damage it or modulate its immune response.[14]

In mycobacteria

Mycobacteria are intracellular bacteria which survive in host macrophages. The mycobacterial wall is composed of lipids and polysaccharides and also contains high amounts of mycolic acid. Purified cell wall components of mycobacteria activate mainly TLR2 and also TLR4. Lipomannan and lipoarabinomannan are strong immunomodulatory lipoglycans.[15] TLR2 with association of TLR1 can recognize cell wall lipoprotein antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which also induce production of cytokines by macrophages.[16] TLR9 can be activated by mycobacterial DNA.

See also

References

  1. ^ Ingle RA, Carstens M, Denby KJ (September 2006). "PAMP recognition and the plant-pathogen arms race". BioEssays. 28 (9): 880–889. doi:10.1002/bies.20457. PMID 16937346. S2CID 26861625.
  2. ^ Maverakis E, Kim K, Shimoda M, Gershwin ME, Patel F, Wilken R, et al. (February 2015). "Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review". Journal of Autoimmunity. 57 (6): 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC 4340844. PMID 25578468.
  3. ^ Levinson W (2016). Review of medical microbiology and immunology (14th ed.). New York. ISBN 978-0-07-184574-8. OCLC 951918628.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S (May 2010). "The bacterial cell envelope". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (5): a000414. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a000414. PMC 2857177. PMID 20452953.
  5. ^ a b Dammermann W, Wollenberg L, Bentzien F, Lohse A, Lüth S (October 2013). "Toll like receptor 2 agonists lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan are able to enhance antigen specific IFNγ release in whole blood during recall antigen responses". Journal of Immunological Methods. 396 (1–2): 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.004. PMID 23954282.
  6. ^ Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H (September 2013). "Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology". Frontiers in Immunology. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248. PMC 3759294. PMID 24032031.
  7. ^ Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C (September 2007). "Innate recognition of viruses". Immunity. 27 (3): 370–383. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.08.012. PMID 17892846.
  8. ^ Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (February 2006). "Pathogen recognition and innate immunity". Cell. 124 (4): 783–801. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015. PMID 16497588.
  9. ^ Silva-Gomes, Sandro; Decout, Alexiane; Nigou, Jérôme (2014), Parnham, Michael (ed.), "Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)", Encyclopedia of Inflammatory Diseases, Basel: Springer Basel, pp. 1–16, doi:10.1007/978-3-0348-0620-6_35-1, ISBN 978-3-0348-0620-6, retrieved 2023-03-10
  10. ^ Koropatnick TA, Engle JT, Apicella MA, Stabb EV, Goldman WE, McFall-Ngai MJ (November 2004). "Microbial factor-mediated development in a host-bacterial mutualism". Science. 306 (5699): 1186–1188. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1186K. doi:10.1126/science.1102218. PMID 15539604. S2CID 41603462.
  11. ^ Ausubel FM (October 2005). "Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved?". Nature Immunology. 6 (10): 973–979. doi:10.1038/ni1253. PMID 16177805. S2CID 7451505.
  12. ^ Didierlaurent A, Simonet M, Sirard JC (June 2005). "Innate and acquired plasticity of the intestinal immune system". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 62 (12): 1285–1287. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5032-4. PMC 1865479. PMID 15971103.
  13. ^ Rumbo M, Nempont C, Kraehenbuhl JP, Sirard JC (May 2006). "Mucosal interplay among commensal and pathogenic bacteria: lessons from flagellin and Toll-like receptor 5". FEBS Letters. 580 (12): 2976–2984. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.8479. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2006.04.036. PMID 16650409. S2CID 14300007. (Free full text available)
  14. ^ Jones JD, Dangl JL (November 2006). "The plant immune system". Nature. 444 (7117): 323–329. Bibcode:2006Natur.444..323J. doi:10.1038/nature05286. PMID 17108957.
  15. ^ Quesniaux V, Fremond C, Jacobs M, Parida S, Nicolle D, Yeremeev V, et al. (August 2004). "Toll-like receptor pathways in the immune responses to mycobacteria". Microbes and Infection. 6 (10): 946–959. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.016. PMID 15310472.
  16. ^ Thoma-Uszynski S, Stenger S, Takeuchi O, Ochoa MT, Engele M, Sieling PA, et al. (February 2001). "Induction of direct antimicrobial activity through mammalian toll-like receptors". Science. 291 (5508): 1544–1547. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1544T. doi:10.1126/science.291.5508.1544. PMID 11222859.

Further reading

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