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In his early years, Malwal pursued a career in journalism and became the editor-in-chief of [[The Vigilant|''The Vigilant'']], an English-language newspaper in Sudan.<ref name="g1">{{Cite book |last=Galander |first=Mahmoud M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nocAQAAIAAJ |title=Mass Media in Sudan: Towards History of Media-politics Interplay |date=2001 |publisher=IIUM Press |isbn=978-983-9727-22-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="h2">University of Durham. ''[http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=753&Query=Vigilant&Order=0&pp=15&View=0&RecView=1 UKIRA - The vigilant]''</ref><ref name="o4">{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Publitec |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC&pg=PA673 |title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008 |date=2011-12-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-093004-7 |language=en}}</ref> The journal was founded on on 23 March 1965.<ref name="h22">University of Durham. ''[http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=753&Query=Vigilant&Order=0&pp=15&View=0&RecView=1 UKIRA - The vigilant]''</ref> Publication of ''The Vigilant'' was interrupted between July 1965 and January 1966,<ref name="h23">University of Durham. ''[http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=753&Query=Vigilant&Order=0&pp=15&View=0&RecView=1 UKIRA - The vigilant]''</ref> following the publishing of articles about the massacres in [[Juba]] and [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]].<ref name="q5">Akol, Lam. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FhVzAAAAMAAJ Southern Sudan: Colonialism, Resistance, and Autonomy]''. Trenton, NJ [u.a.]: Red Sea Press, 2007. p. 47</ref><ref name="r6">Collins, Robert O. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9dDxtIVy-24C&pg=PA91 The Southern Sudan in Historical Perspective]''. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2006. p. 91</ref><ref name="s7">O'Ballance, Edgar. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=boQFAQAAIAAJ The Secret War in the Sudan, 1955 - 1972]''. [S.l.]: Shoe String Press, 1977. p. 81</ref> ''The Vigilant'' was closed down in May 1969.<ref>Eprile, Cecil. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DjVyAAAAMAAJ War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955-1972]''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974. p. 178</ref> In March 1974, he became and editorial board member of ''Al Sahafa'' newspaper.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kuyok |first=Kuyok Abol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT498&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts |date=2015-09-04 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-5049-4346-8 |language=en}}</ref> He later found and became the editor-in-chief for ''Sudanow Magazine'' (1976 to 1978),<ref name=":2" /> ''The Sudan Times'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1990-04-26 |title=Islamic Militants Dominating Sudan, Exiles Assert |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/26/world/islamic-militants-dominating-sudan-exiles-assert.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and ''Sudan Democratic Gazette''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-08-11 |title=Memorandum from Mr Bona Malwal, Editor and Publisher of Sudan Democratic Gazette |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmintdev/872/8071608.htm |website=Parliament UK}}</ref>
In his early years, Malwal pursued a career in journalism and became the editor-in-chief of [[The Vigilant|''The Vigilant'']], an English-language newspaper in Sudan.<ref name="g1">{{Cite book |last=Galander |first=Mahmoud M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2nocAQAAIAAJ |title=Mass Media in Sudan: Towards History of Media-politics Interplay |date=2001 |publisher=IIUM Press |isbn=978-983-9727-22-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="h2">University of Durham. ''[http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=753&Query=Vigilant&Order=0&pp=15&View=0&RecView=1 UKIRA - The vigilant]''</ref><ref name="o4">{{Cite book |last=Publications |first=Publitec |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHCQBAFMwawC&pg=PA673 |title=Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008 |date=2011-12-22 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-093004-7 |language=en}}</ref> The journal was founded on on 23 March 1965.<ref name="h22">University of Durham. ''[http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=753&Query=Vigilant&Order=0&pp=15&View=0&RecView=1 UKIRA - The vigilant]''</ref> Publication of ''The Vigilant'' was interrupted between July 1965 and January 1966,<ref name="h23">University of Durham. ''[http://www.asiamap.ac.uk/newspapers/display.php?ID=753&Query=Vigilant&Order=0&pp=15&View=0&RecView=1 UKIRA - The vigilant]''</ref> following the publishing of articles about the massacres in [[Juba]] and [[Wau, South Sudan|Wau]].<ref name="q5">Akol, Lam. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FhVzAAAAMAAJ Southern Sudan: Colonialism, Resistance, and Autonomy]''. Trenton, NJ [u.a.]: Red Sea Press, 2007. p. 47</ref><ref name="r6">Collins, Robert O. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9dDxtIVy-24C&pg=PA91 The Southern Sudan in Historical Perspective]''. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2006. p. 91</ref><ref name="s7">O'Ballance, Edgar. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=boQFAQAAIAAJ The Secret War in the Sudan, 1955 - 1972]''. [S.l.]: Shoe String Press, 1977. p. 81</ref> ''The Vigilant'' was closed down in May 1969.<ref>Eprile, Cecil. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=DjVyAAAAMAAJ War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955-1972]''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974. p. 178</ref> In March 1974, he became and editorial board member of ''Al Sahafa'' newspaper.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Kuyok |first=Kuyok Abol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=622LCgAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT498&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=South Sudan: The Notable Firsts |date=2015-09-04 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-5049-4346-8 |language=en}}</ref> He later found and became the editor-in-chief for ''Sudanow Magazine'' (1976 to 1978),<ref name=":2" /> ''The Sudan Times'' (1986)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |last2=Times |first2=Special To the New York |date=1990-04-26 |title=Islamic Militants Dominating Sudan, Exiles Assert |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/04/26/world/islamic-militants-dominating-sudan-exiles-assert.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and ''Sudan Democratic Gazette''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-08-11 |title=Memorandum from Mr Bona Malwal, Editor and Publisher of Sudan Democratic Gazette |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmintdev/872/8071608.htm |website=Parliament UK}}</ref>


Apart from his political engagements, Malwal worked as a Senior Research Fellow at the [[Columbia University]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=United States Congress House Committee on Foreign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-quarvJRHawC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA163&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Foreign assistance legislation for fiscal years 1986-87: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session |date=1985 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> and visiting academic at [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St. Antony's College]], [[University of Oxford]] as part of the ''Sudanese Programme''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-07 |title=Sudanese Programme |url=https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/research-centres/sudanese-programme-0 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=St Antony's College |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, he authored the book "Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two," published in 2014,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sudan and South Sudan |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/9781137437143.pdf |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137437143.pdf}}</ref> which is regarded as his political memoir and provides insights into the history and challenges of the two nations. The book reflects his strong advocacy for self-determination and secession for South Sudan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=de Waal |first=Alex de Waal |date=2015-04-20 |title=Bona Malwal's Truths |url=https://africanarguments.org/2015/04/bona-malwals-truths-by-alex-de-waal/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=African Arguments |language=en-GB}}</ref>
Apart from his political engagements, Malwal worked as a senior research fellow at the [[Columbia University]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=United States Congress House Committee on Foreign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-quarvJRHawC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA163&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=Foreign assistance legislation for fiscal years 1986-87: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session |date=1985 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |language=en}}</ref> and senior research fellow (1978-1979) and visiting academic at [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St. Antony's College]], [[University of Oxford]] as part of the ''Sudanese Programme''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-07 |title=Sudanese Programme |url=https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/research-centres/sudanese-programme-0 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=St Antony's College |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, he authored the book "Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two," published in 2014,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sudan and South Sudan |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057/9781137437143.pdf |journal=SpringerLink |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137437143.pdf}}</ref> which is regarded as his political memoir and provides insights into the history and challenges of the two nations. The book reflects his strong advocacy for self-determination and secession for South Sudan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=de Waal |first=Alex de Waal |date=2015-04-20 |title=Bona Malwal's Truths |url=https://africanarguments.org/2015/04/bona-malwals-truths-by-alex-de-waal/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=African Arguments |language=en-GB}}</ref>


== Politics ==
== Politics ==
Line 27: Line 27:


=== Nimeiri era ===
=== Nimeiri era ===
Following the [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|1972 peace agreement]], Malwal served as the deputy Minister for Culture and Information from July 1972, and became a minister between May 1973 to 1978 , and was involved in foreign government affairs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=The Library of |title=Malwal, Bona - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82047141.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA46&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars |date=2003 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=978-0-85255-392-3 |language=en}}</ref> He again became member the [[National Assembly of Sudan|national assembly]] between 1974 and 1978.<ref name=":2" />
Following the [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|1972 peace agreement]], Malwal served as the deputy Minister for Culture and Information from July 1972, and became a minister between May 1973 to 1978, and was involved in foreign government affairs.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=The Library of |title=Malwal, Bona - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n82047141.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=id.loc.gov}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Douglas Hamilton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-PuCbRr4tcC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA46&dq=%22Bona+Malwal%22+-wikipedia&hl=en |title=The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars |date=2003 |publisher=International African Institute |isbn=978-0-85255-392-3 |language=en}}</ref> He again became member the [[National Assembly of Sudan|national assembly]] between 1974 and 1978.<ref name=":2" />


In July 1976, a force of one thousand insurgents under [[Sadiq al-Mahdi|Sadiq al Mahdi]], armed and trained by [[Libya]], crossed the border from [[Ma'tan as-Sarra]]. After passing through [[Darfur]] and [[Kordofan]], the insurgents engaged in three days of house-to-house fighting in [[Khartoum]] and [[Omdurman]] that killed some 3000 people.<ref name="Burr and Collins 111">Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, ''Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster'', Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, {{ISBN|1-55876-405-4}}, p. 111</ref> Malwal and [[Abel Alier]] continued to broadcast the news from Juba instead from Omdurman. During that time, [[Jaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]] was able to rally the nation via Radio Juba and his government were narrowly saved after a column of army tanks entered the city.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |author=Dennis Hevesi |date=11 June 2009 |title=Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/world/africa/12nimeiry.html}}</ref>
In July 1976, a force of one thousand insurgents under [[Sadiq al-Mahdi|Sadiq al Mahdi]], armed and trained by [[Libya]], crossed the border from [[Ma'tan as-Sarra]]. After passing through [[Darfur]] and [[Kordofan]], the insurgents engaged in three days of house-to-house fighting in [[Khartoum]] and [[Omdurman]] that killed some 3000 people.<ref name="Burr and Collins 111">Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, ''Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster'', Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, {{ISBN|1-55876-405-4}}, p. 111</ref> Malwal and [[Abel Alier]] continued to broadcast the news from Juba instead from Omdurman. During that time, [[Jaafar Nimeiry|Nimeiry]] was able to rally the nation via Radio Juba and his government were narrowly saved after a column of army tanks entered the city.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |author=Dennis Hevesi |date=11 June 2009 |title=Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79 |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/world/africa/12nimeiry.html}}</ref>
Line 44: Line 44:


Bona Malwal has been criticized for his involvement in fueling conflicts and making divisive statements. For example, he has been accused of spreading hate messages against certain ethnic groups, such as the [[Nuer people]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=southsudannews |date=2015-03-26 |title=The Architect of a Divided South Sudan, Bona Malwal |url=https://ssnanews.com/index.php/2015/03/26/the-architect-of-a-divided-south-sudan-bona-malwal/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=South Sudan News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, a report suggested that Malwal, along with other individuals, fueled the [[Twic-Ngok conflict]] through his publications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Koang |date=2022-05-23 |title=Report: Bona Malwal, Dr. Francis Deng fuelled Twic-Ngok conflict |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/report-bona-malwal-dr-francis-deng-fuelled-twic-ngok-conflict/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref>
Bona Malwal has been criticized for his involvement in fueling conflicts and making divisive statements. For example, he has been accused of spreading hate messages against certain ethnic groups, such as the [[Nuer people]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=southsudannews |date=2015-03-26 |title=The Architect of a Divided South Sudan, Bona Malwal |url=https://ssnanews.com/index.php/2015/03/26/the-architect-of-a-divided-south-sudan-bona-malwal/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=South Sudan News Agency |language=en-US}}</ref> Furthermore, a report suggested that Malwal, along with other individuals, fueled the [[Twic-Ngok conflict]] through his publications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Koang |date=2022-05-23 |title=Report: Bona Malwal, Dr. Francis Deng fuelled Twic-Ngok conflict |url=https://www.eyeradio.org/report-bona-malwal-dr-francis-deng-fuelled-twic-ngok-conflict/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Eye Radio |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Books ==

* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Malwal |first=Bona |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/People_power_in_Sudan.html?id=MjKNAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=People & Power in Sudan: The Struggle for National Stability |date=1981 |publisher=Ithaca |isbn=978-0-903729-78-9 |language=en}}</ref>
* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Malwal |first=B. |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Sudan_and_South_Sudan.html?id=EfTXjwEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |title=Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two |date=2015-01-01 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-349-49376-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* <ref>{{Cite book |last=Malwal |first=Bona |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Future-Without-Past-Bona-Malwal/dp/1916119727 |title=No Future Without The Past |date=2022-01-01 |publisher=Bourchier |isbn=978-1-9161197-2-7 |language=English}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 11:36, 21 July 2023

This article is about South Sudanese journalist and politician (born 1928). For Village in India, see Bana Malwala.
Bona Malwal
بونا ملوال
Born
Bona Malwal Madut Ring

1928 (age 95–96)
Twic State, Bahr El Ghazal, Sudan
Occupation(s)Journalist, Politician
Organization(s)St Antony's College, Oxford
The Vigilant
Sudan People's Liberation Movement
Political partySouthern Sudan Democratic Forum
Southern Front

Bona Malwal (born 1928) is a South Sudanese journalist, politician, and government official who has played a significant role in advocating for self-determination and secession for South Sudan. He has had a diverse career, working in journalism, politics, and academia, and has authored a political memoir. However, his involvement in conflicts and controversial statements has also attracted criticism.

Early life and education

Bona Malwal Madut Ring was born in 1928 in Twic Mayardit County, Bahr El Ghazal, Sudan (today's in South Sudan).[1] He hails from the Dinka ethnic group and is the son of a Gogrial Dinka chief.[2][3] Malwal holds a Master of Arts degree in journalism and communications from the United States.[4]

Journalism

In his early years, Malwal pursued a career in journalism and became the editor-in-chief of The Vigilant, an English-language newspaper in Sudan.[5][6][7] The journal was founded on on 23 March 1965.[8] Publication of The Vigilant was interrupted between July 1965 and January 1966,[9] following the publishing of articles about the massacres in Juba and Wau.[10][11][12] The Vigilant was closed down in May 1969.[13] In March 1974, he became and editorial board member of Al Sahafa newspaper.[14] He later found and became the editor-in-chief for Sudanow Magazine (1976 to 1978),[14] The Sudan Times (1986)[15] and Sudan Democratic Gazette.[16]

Apart from his political engagements, Malwal worked as a senior research fellow at the Columbia University,[17] and senior research fellow (1978-1979) and visiting academic at St. Antony's College, University of Oxford as part of the Sudanese Programme.[18] Additionally, he authored the book "Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two," published in 2014,[19] which is regarded as his political memoir and provides insights into the history and challenges of the two nations. The book reflects his strong advocacy for self-determination and secession for South Sudan.[20]

Politics

Malwal also co-founded and served as the secretary-general of the Southern Front, a political organisation. Malwal was elected to the national assembly in 1968 but was later dismissed after a coup by General Nimeiri in 1969.[21][22]

Nimeiri era

Following the 1972 peace agreement, Malwal served as the deputy Minister for Culture and Information from July 1972, and became a minister between May 1973 to 1978, and was involved in foreign government affairs.[21][22] He again became member the national assembly between 1974 and 1978.[14]

In July 1976, a force of one thousand insurgents under Sadiq al Mahdi, armed and trained by Libya, crossed the border from Ma'tan as-Sarra. After passing through Darfur and Kordofan, the insurgents engaged in three days of house-to-house fighting in Khartoum and Omdurman that killed some 3000 people.[23] Malwal and Abel Alier continued to broadcast the news from Juba instead from Omdurman. During that time, Nimeiry was able to rally the nation via Radio Juba and his government were narrowly saved after a column of army tanks entered the city.[24]

In 1977, a National Reconciliation took place in Port Sudan between Sadiq al Mahdi and Nimeiry which saw the return of the Hassan al-Turabi, an Islamist leader who had been imprisoned and then exiled after the May Revolution, as the Justice Minister and Attorney General in 1978.[25] Relations between Khartoum and the South Sudan leadership worsened after the National Reconciliation and in 1978, Malwal resigned in protest against the shift to Sharia law.[26]

al-Bashir era

Malwal became an adviser to President Omar al Bashir.[27] However, before the decision was made official, In October 2008, Malwal voiced concerns about the potential arrest warrant for Al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He dismissed the ICC's move as a politically motivated and defended Al-Bashir, claiming that indicting him would target Sudan as a sovereign nation and could negatively impact existing peace agreements. He emphasizes that Al-Bashir, as a leader, is not be able to order the extermination of any group.[27] In March 2009, al-Bashir became the first sitting head of state to be indicted by the ICC, for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and pillage against civilians in Darfur.[28]

Controversies

Bona Malwal has been known for his strong political stances, which have sparked controversies. He has advocated for self-determination and secession, especially in the context of South Sudan. These views have been met with both support and criticism, leading to debates and disagreements within political circles.[20] Bona Malwal has faced criticism from political analysts and individuals who hold differing views. Some have questioned his intentions and accused him of divisive politics. These criticisms highlight concerns about his role in promoting unity or separation in South Sudan and the impact of his political rhetoric.[29]

In an article published in the Sudan Tribune in 2007, the Dinka members of the South Sudan Democratic Forum voiced their strong disapproval of Malwal, a prominent figure in the party. They attributed the split within the party to Bona Malwal's actions. The Dinka members accuse him of potentially jeopardizing the party's electoral chances due to his association with a controversial government and making statements that could alienate Southerners. They further condemn Bona for his past "racist" and "tribalistic" views towards other ethnic groups, particularly the Nuer and Equatorians.[30]

In December 2017, Malwal stated in a press conference in Khartoum that Abyei, a region claimed by both Sudan and South Sudan, is part of Sudan.[31] The statement angered South Sudanese politicians.[32][33]

Bona Malwal has been criticized for his involvement in fueling conflicts and making divisive statements. For example, he has been accused of spreading hate messages against certain ethnic groups, such as the Nuer people.[34] Furthermore, a report suggested that Malwal, along with other individuals, fueled the Twic-Ngok conflict through his publications.[35]

Books

See also

References

  1. ^ leriche, john lerichejohn; matthew, leriche matthewleriche (2011-01-01), "Bona, Malwal", Dictionary of African Biography, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0367, ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5, retrieved 2023-07-10
  2. ^ Ryle, John (1999-10-12). "Ranald Boyle". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  3. ^ Deng, Francis Mading (2022). A Personal Perspective on the Ngok-Twic Conflict in Abyei (Report). Sudd Institute.
  4. ^ Congress, The Library of. "Malwal, Bona - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  5. ^ Galander, Mahmoud M. (2001). Mass Media in Sudan: Towards History of Media-politics Interplay. IIUM Press. ISBN 978-983-9727-22-7.
  6. ^ University of Durham. UKIRA - The vigilant
  7. ^ Publications, Publitec (2011-12-22). Who's Who in the Arab World 2007-2008. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-093004-7.
  8. ^ University of Durham. UKIRA - The vigilant
  9. ^ University of Durham. UKIRA - The vigilant
  10. ^ Akol, Lam. Southern Sudan: Colonialism, Resistance, and Autonomy. Trenton, NJ [u.a.]: Red Sea Press, 2007. p. 47
  11. ^ Collins, Robert O. The Southern Sudan in Historical Perspective. New Brunswick: Transaction, 2006. p. 91
  12. ^ O'Ballance, Edgar. The Secret War in the Sudan, 1955 - 1972. [S.l.]: Shoe String Press, 1977. p. 81
  13. ^ Eprile, Cecil. War and Peace in the Sudan, 1955-1972. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1974. p. 178
  14. ^ a b c Kuyok, Kuyok Abol (2015-09-04). South Sudan: The Notable Firsts. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-5049-4346-8.
  15. ^ Perlez, Jane; Times, Special To the New York (1990-04-26). "Islamic Militants Dominating Sudan, Exiles Assert". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  16. ^ "Memorandum from Mr Bona Malwal, Editor and Publisher of Sudan Democratic Gazette". Parliament UK. 1998-08-11.
  17. ^ Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Foreign (1985). Foreign assistance legislation for fiscal years 1986-87: hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  18. ^ "Sudanese Programme". St Antony's College. 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  19. ^ "Sudan and South Sudan" (PDF). SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/9781137437143.pdf.
  20. ^ a b de Waal, Alex de Waal (2015-04-20). "Bona Malwal's Truths". African Arguments. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  21. ^ a b Congress, The Library of. "Malwal, Bona - LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies | Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)". id.loc.gov. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  22. ^ a b Johnson, Douglas Hamilton (2003). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars. International African Institute. ISBN 978-0-85255-392-3.
  23. ^ Burr, J. Millard and Robert O. Collins, Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster, Markus Wiener Publishers: Princeton, 2006, ISBN 1-55876-405-4, p. 111
  24. ^ Dennis Hevesi (11 June 2009). "Gaafar al-Nimeiry, a Sudan Leader With Shifting Politics, Dies at 79". The New York Times.
  25. ^ "Sudan - National Reconciliation". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2023-07-21.
  26. ^ Warburg, Gabriel (2003). Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya. Hurst & Company. ISBN 978-1-85065-588-6.
  27. ^ a b SudanTribune (2008-10-27). "Bona Malwal warns against arrest warrant for Sudan president". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  28. ^ "Genocide in Darfur". United Human Rights Council. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  29. ^ SudanTribune (2005-11-16). "A moral case against Bona Malwal". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  30. ^ SudanTribune (2007-06-21). "Dinka caucus of Democratic Forum condemn Bona Malwal". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  31. ^ SudanTribune (2017-12-09). "South Sudan's Bona Malwal maintains Abyei part of Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  32. ^ SudanTribune (2018-01-06). "Sayed Bona Malwal: A Sudanese Desperately Dreaming of Re-annexing South Sudan to Sudan". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  33. ^ SudanTribune (2017-12-11). "Response to Bona Malual statements on Abyei". Sudan Tribune. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
  34. ^ southsudannews (2015-03-26). "The Architect of a Divided South Sudan, Bona Malwal". South Sudan News Agency. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  35. ^ Chang, Koang (2022-05-23). "Report: Bona Malwal, Dr. Francis Deng fuelled Twic-Ngok conflict". Eye Radio. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  36. ^ Malwal, Bona (1981). People & Power in Sudan: The Struggle for National Stability. Ithaca. ISBN 978-0-903729-78-9.
  37. ^ Malwal, B. (2015-01-01). Sudan and South Sudan: From One to Two. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-1-349-49376-0.
  38. ^ Malwal, Bona (2022-01-01). No Future Without The Past. Bourchier. ISBN 978-1-9161197-2-7.
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