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The following is a '''list of fusor examples''', examples of the [[fusor]]-type [[nuclear fusion reactor]] that uses [[inertial electrostatic confinement]]
The following is a '''list of fusor examples''', examples of the [[fusor]]-type [[nuclear fusion reactor]] that uses [[inertial electrostatic confinement]]


==Professional==
==Professional==
Fusors have been theoretically studied at multiple institutions, including: [[Kyoto University]],<ref>"Beam optics in inertial electrostatic confinement fusion", ''Review of Scientific instruments'', Masami Ohnishi, Chikara Hoshino, Kiyoshi Yoshikawa, Kai Masuda, and Yasushi Yamamoto, VOLUME 71, NUMBER 2 FEBRUARY 2000</ref> and [[Kyushu University]].<ref>"Ion distribution function and radial profile of neutron production rate in spherical inertial electrostatic confinement plasmas" H. Matsuura, T. Takaki, K. Funakoshi, Y. Nakao, K. Kudo, ''Nuclear Fusion'', Vol. 40, No. 12, 2000</ref> Researchers meet annually at the US-Japan Workshop on Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion. Listed here, are actual machines built.
Fusors have been theoretically studied at multiple institutions, including: [[Kyoto University]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Beam optics in inertial electrostatic confinement fusion |journal=Review of Scientific instruments |last1=Ohnishi |first1=Masami |last2=Hoshino |first2=Chikara |last3=Yoshikawa |first3=Kiyoshi |last4=Masuda |first4=Kai |last5=Yamamoto |first5=Yasushi |volume=71 |issue=2 |date=February 2000 |doi=10.1063/1.1150430}}</ref> and [[Kyushu University]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Ion distribution function and radial profile of neutron production rate in spherical inertial electrostatic confinement plasmas |journal=Nuclear Fusion |last1=Matsuura |first1=H. |last2=Takaki |first2=T. |last3=Funakoshi |first3=K. |last4=Nakao |first4=Y. |last5=Kudo |first5=K. |volume=40 |issue=12 |date=2000 |doi=10.1088/0029-5515/40/12/101}}</ref> Researchers meet annually at the US-Japan Workshop on Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion. The following is a list of machines that were actually built.


*'''[[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]'''{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} has four IEC devices of different shapes: a spherical machine, a cylindrical device, a co-axial double cylinder and a magnetically assisted device.<ref>[http://www.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp/beam/iec2013/presentation/1-2.pdf "Overview of IEC Research at Tokyo Tech."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221011421/http://www.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp/beam/iec2013/presentation/1-2.pdf |date=2013-12-21 }} Eiki Hotta, 15th annual US-Japan IEC workshop, October 7, 2013</ref>
*'''[[Tokyo Institute of Technology]]'''has four IEC devices of different shapes: a spherical machine, a cylindrical device, a co-axial double cylinder and a magnetically assisted device.<ref>{{cite conference |url=http://www.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp/beam/iec2013/presentation/1-2.pdf |title=Overview of IEC Research at Tokyo Tech |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221011421/http://www.iae.kyoto-u.ac.jp/beam/iec2013/presentation/1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2013 |last=Hotta |first=Eiki |conference=15th annual US-Japan IEC workshop |date=7 October 2013 |location=Kyoto, Japan}}</ref>
*'''[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]''' A group at Wisconsin-Madison has been running a very large, funded, fusor program since 1991.<ref>R.P. Ashley, G.L. Kulcinski, J.F. Santarius, S.K. Murali, G. Piefer, 18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering, IEEE #99CH37050, (1999)</ref>
*'''[[University of Wisconsin-Madison]]''' A group at Wisconsin-Madison has been running a very large, funded, fusor program since 1991.<ref>{{cite conference |doi=10.1109/FUSION.1999.849787 |last1=Ashley |first1=R.P. |last2=Kulcinski |first2=G.L. |last3=Santarius |first3=J.F. |last4=Murali |first4=S.K. |last5=Piefer |first5=G. |title=D-/sup 3/He fusion in an inertial electrostatic confinement device |conference=18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering |date=1999 |location=Albuquerque, NM}}</ref>
*'''[[Turkish Atomic Energy Authority]]''' In 2013 this team built a 30&nbsp;cm fusor at the Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training center in Turkey. This fusor can reach 85 kV and do deuterium fusion, producing {{val|2.4|e=4}} neutrons per second.<ref>"Preliminary Results of Experimental Studies from Low Pressure Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device", A. S. B, Y. A, A. A, ''Journal of Fusion Energy'', May 2013</ref>
*'''[[Turkish Atomic Energy Authority]]''' In 2013 this team built a 30&nbsp;cm fusor at the Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training center in Turkey. This fusor can reach 85 kV and do deuterium fusion, producing {{val|2.4|e=4}} neutrons per second.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Preliminary Results of Experimental Studies from Low Pressure Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device |last1=Bölükdemir |first1=A.S. |last2=Akgün |first2=Y. |last3=Alaçakır |first3=A. |journal=Journal of Fusion Energy |date=2013 |volume=32 |pages=561–565 |doi=10.1007/s10894-013-9607-z}}</ref>
*'''[[University of Illinois]]''' Dr. George Miley's team at the fusion studies laboratory has built a ~25&nbsp;cm fusor which has produced {{val|1|e=7}} neutrons using deuterium gas.<ref>"A portable neutron/tunable X-ray source based on inertial electrostatic confinement", Nuclear Instruments and Methods in ''Physics Research'', A 422 (1999) 16-20</ref>
*'''[[University of Illinois]]''' Dr. George Miley's team at the fusion studies laboratory has built a ~25&nbsp;cm fusor which has produced {{val|1|e=7}} neutrons using deuterium gas.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A portable neutron/tunable X-ray source based on inertial electrostatic confinement |last=Miley |first=George H. |journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=422 |issue=1-3 |date=1999 |pages=16-20 |doi=10.1016/S0168-9002(98)01108-5}}</ref>
*'''[[University of Sydney]]''' Dr. Joseph Khachan's group in the Department of Physics has built a variety of IEC devices in both positive and negative polarities and spherical and cylindrical geometries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plasma.ee.kansai-u.ac.jp/iec2010/pdf/pdf_slides_posters/Khachan.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-03-01 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718053343/http://www.plasma.ee.kansai-u.ac.jp/iec2010/pdf/pdf_slides_posters/Khachan.pdf |archivedate=2014-07-18 }}</ref>
*'''[[University of Sydney]]''' Dr. Joseph Khachan's group in the Department of Physics has built a variety of IEC devices in both positive and negative polarities and spherical and cylindrical geometries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plasma.ee.kansai-u.ac.jp/iec2010/pdf/pdf_slides_posters/Khachan.pdf |title=Overview of IEC at the University of Sydney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718053343/http://www.plasma.ee.kansai-u.ac.jp/iec2010/pdf/pdf_slides_posters/Khachan.pdf |archive-date=2014-07-18 }}</ref>
*'''[[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]]''' Researchers at Shahid Beheshti University in Iran have built a 60&nbsp;cm diameter fusor which can produce {{val|1|e=7}} neutrons per second at 140 kV using deuterium gas.<ref>"Experimental Study of the Iranian Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Device as a Continuous Neutron Generator" V. Damideh, ''Journal of Fusion Energy'', June 11, 2011</ref>
*'''[[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]]''' Researchers at Shahid Beheshti University in Iran have built a 60&nbsp;cm diameter fusor which can produce {{val|1|e=7}} neutrons per second at 140 kV using deuterium gas.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Experimental Study of the Iranian Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Device as a Continuous Neutron Generator |last=Damideh |first=V. |journal=Journal of Fusion Energy |date=11 June 2011 |volume=31 |pages=109–111 |doi=10.1007/s10894-011-9438-8}}</ref>
*'''[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]''' In the late nineties, researchers purposed<ref>"Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic confinement devices", DC Barnes and Rick Nebel, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS VOLUME 5, NUMBER 7 JULY 1998</ref> and built a fusor-like system for oscillating plasma, inside a fusor. This device is known as the Periodically Oscillating Plasma Sphere or POPS.<ref>"Equilibrium and low-frequency stability of a uniform density, collisionless, spherical Vlasov system", D C Barnes, L Chacon and J M Finn, Physics Of Plasmas Volume 9, Number 11 November 2002</ref>
*'''[[Los Alamos National Laboratory]]''' In the late nineties, researchers purposed<ref>"Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic confinement devices", DC Barnes and Rick Nebel, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS VOLUME 5, NUMBER 7 JULY 1998</ref> and built a fusor-like system for oscillating plasma, inside a fusor. This device is known as the Periodically Oscillating Plasma Sphere or POPS.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Equilibrium and low-frequency stability of a uniform density, collisionless, spherical Vlasov system |last1=Barnes |first1=D.C. |last2=Chacón |first2=L. |last3=Finn |first3=J.M. |journal=Physics Of Plasmas |volume=9 |issue=11 |date=November 2002 |doi=10.1063/1.1510667}}</ref>
*'''[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]''' For his doctoral thesis in 2007, [[Terrafugia|Carl Dietrich]] built a fusor and studied its potential use in spacecraft propulsion.<ref>"Improving Particle Confinement in Inertial Electrostatic Fusion for Spacecraft Power and Propulsion" SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS, Carl Dietrich, February 2007</ref> In addition, [[High beta fusion reactor|Tom McGuire]] did his thesis<ref>"Improved Lifetimes and Synchronization Behavior in Multi-grid Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Devices", Feb 2007, MIT, DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS</ref><ref>"Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Ion Confinement in a Multi-grid IEC Device", McGuire, Sedwick, 44th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit 21–23 July 2008, Hartford, Connecticut</ref> on fusors with multiple cages and ion guns.
*'''[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]''' For his doctoral thesis in 2007, [[Terrafugia|Carl Dietrich]] built a fusor and studied its potential use in spacecraft propulsion.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Dietrich |first=Carl |title=Improving particle confinement in inertial electrostatic fusion for spacecraft power and propulsion |date=2007 |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/39702 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics |degree=Ph.D.}}</ref> In addition, [[High beta fusion reactor|Tom McGuire]] did his thesis<ref>{{cite thesis |title=Improved Lifetimes and Synchronization Behavior in Multi-grid Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Devices |date= February 2007 |last=McGuire |first=Thomas John |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/38527 |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics |degree=Ph.D.}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |title=Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Ion Confinement in a Multi-grid IEC Device |last1=McGuire |first1=Thomas |last2=Sedwick |first2=Raymond |conference=44th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit |date=21 July 2008 |location=Hartford, Connecticut |doi=10.2514/6.2008-4675}}</ref> on fusors with multiple cages and ion guns.
*'''[[ITT Corporation]]''' [[Robert L. Hirsch|Hirschs]] original machine was a 17.8&nbsp;cm diameter machine with 150 kV voltage drop across it.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} This machine used ion beams.
*'''[[ITT Corporation]]''' [[Robert L. Hirsch|Hirschs]] original machine was a 17.8&nbsp;cm diameter machine with 150 kV voltage drop across it.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} This machine used ion beams.
*'''[[Phoenix Nuclear Labs]]''' Has developed a commercial neutron source based on a fusor, achieving {{val|3|e=11}} neutrons per second with the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
*'''[[Phoenix Nuclear Labs]]''' Has developed a commercial neutron source based on a fusor, achieving {{val|3|e=11}} neutrons per second with the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
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A number of amateurs have built working fusors and detected neutrons. Many fusor enthusiasts connect on forums<ref name="fusor.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.fusor.net/ |title=Home |website=fusor.net}}</ref> and message boards online. Below are some examples of working fusors.
A number of amateurs have built working fusors and detected neutrons. Many fusor enthusiasts connect on forums<ref name="fusor.net">{{cite web |url=http://www.fusor.net/ |title=Home |website=fusor.net}}</ref> and message boards online. Below are some examples of working fusors.
* '''Richard Hull''' Since the late nineties, Richard Hull has built several fusors in his home in Richmond, Virginia.<ref name="youtube.com">"Living with a nuclear reactor" The Wall Street Journal, interview with Sam Schechner, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJL3RQ4I-iE</ref> In March 1999, he achieved a neutron rate of {{val|10|e=5}} neutrons per second.<ref name="prometheusfusionperfection.com">"The Neutron Club", Richard Hull, Accessed 6-9-2011, http://prometheusfusionperfection.com/category/fusor/</ref> Hull maintains a list of amateurs who have detected neutrons from fusors.
* '''Richard Hull''' Since the late nineties, Richard Hull has built several fusors in his home in Richmond, Virginia.<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LJL3RQ4I-iE |date=26 November 2008 |title=Living with a nuclear reactor |last=Schechner |first=Sam |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In March 1999, he achieved a neutron rate of {{val|10|e=5}} neutrons per second.<ref name="prometheusfusionperfection.com">{{cite web |title=Neutron Club |last=Hull |first=Richard |url=http://prometheusfusionperfection.com/category/fusor/ |access-date=31 January 2024 |date=9 June 2010}}</ref> Hull maintains a list of amateurs who have detected neutrons from fusors.
* '''Carl Greninger''' Founded the [[Northwest Nuclear Consortium]],<ref name="lobby.nwnc.us.com">http://lobby.nwnc.us.com/_layouts/15/start.aspx#/SitePages/Home.aspx</ref> an organization in Washington state which teaches a class of a dozen high school students nuclear engineering principles using a 60 kV fusor.<ref name="ReferenceA">Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/KbeAcFy3ErM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140523215550/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbeAcFy3ErM Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbeAcFy3ErM| title = Overview of the North West Nuclear Consortium in 2012 | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* '''Carl Greninger''' Founded the [[Northwest Nuclear Consortium]],<ref name="lobby.nwnc.us.com">{{cite web |url=http://lobby.nwnc.us.com/SitePages/Home.aspx |title=Home |website=Northwest Nuclear Consortium |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20160413080635/http://lobby.nwnc.us.com/SitePages/Home.aspx |archive-date=13 April 2016}}</ref> an organization in Washington state which teaches a class of a dozen high school students nuclear engineering principles using a 60 kV fusor.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbeAcFy3ErM| title = Overview of the North West Nuclear Consortium in 2012 | website=[[YouTube]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523215550/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbeAcFy3ErM |archive-date=23 May 2014}}</ref>
*'''[[Taylor Wilson]]''' built a Fusor at 14 years old in 2008.<ref name="Dutton, Judy 2011">Dutton, Judy. "Teen Nuclear Scientist Fights Terror", CNN.com, 1 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-03.</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">TED2012. "Taylor Wilson: Yup, I built a nuclear fusion reactor". TED.com. Retrieved 2013-04-14.</ref>
*'''[[Taylor Wilson]]''' built a Fusor at 14 years old in 2008.<ref name="Dutton, Judy 2011">{{cite news |last=Dutton |first=Judy |title=Teen nuclear scientist fights terror |website=CNN |date=1 September 2011 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2011/09/01/living/teen-nuclear-scientist/index.html}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite AV media |last=Wilson |first=Taylor |title=Yup, I built a nuclear fusion reactor |date=March 2012 |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/taylor_wilson_yup_i_built_a_nuclear_fusion_reactor?language=en |publisher=TED}}</ref>
* '''Matthew Honickman''' Was a high school student who built a working fusor in his basement in Rochester, New York.<ref name="ReferenceC">"Building Electronics is teen's favorite leisure activity" Democrat and Chronicle, Ashwin Verghese, Jan 6th 2010</ref>
* '''Matthew Honickman''' Was a high school student who built a working fusor in his basement in Rochester, New York.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite news |title=Building Electronics is teen's favorite leisure activity |last=Verghese |first=Ashwin |date=6 January 2010 |work=Democrat and Chronicle}}</ref>
* '''[[Michael Li]]''' In 2003, Michael Li became the youngest person to date to build a fusor, winning second place<ref name="princeton.edu">Intel STS, {{cite web|url=https://www.societyforscience.org/content/ssp-blog/alumni-watch-michael-li-data-incubator |title=Alumni to watch: Michael Li & The Data Incubator |accessdate=2014-11-08 }}</ref> in the US [[Intel Science Talent Search]] winning a $75,000 college scholarship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prometheusfusionperfection.com/?s=Hull|title=Search Results for "Hull"}}</ref>
* '''[[Michael Li]]''' In 2003, Michael Li became the youngest person to date to build a fusor, winning second place<ref name="princeton.edu">Intel STS, {{cite web|url=https://www.societyforscience.org/content/ssp-blog/alumni-watch-michael-li-data-incubator |title=Alumni to watch: Michael Li & The Data Incubator |accessdate=2014-11-08 }}{{dead link |date=31 January 2024}}</ref> in the US [[Intel Science Talent Search]] winning a $75,000 college scholarship.<ref name="prometheusfusionperfection.com"/>
* '''Mark Suppes''' A web designer for Gucci in Brooklyn New York, built a working fusor on a path to building the first amateur [[Polywell]].<ref name="Jvkoklpubiw 2012">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvkoklpubiw, Mark Suppes Presentation at Wired 2012, October 2012</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/Etlb43suCoc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20140627082309/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlb43suCoc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlb43suCoc| title = Local Fusion Reactor | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* '''Mark Suppes''' A web designer for Gucci in Brooklyn New York, built a working fusor on a path to building the first amateur [[Polywell]].<ref name="Jvkoklpubiw 2012">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvkoklpubiw |last=Suppes |first=Mark |title=I still don't know everything I should |date=11 December 2012 |publisher=Wired UK |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlb43suCoc| title = Local Fusion Reactor | website=[[YouTube]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627082309/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etlb43suCoc |archive-date=27 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Thiago David Olson]]''' Built a 40 kV fusor at age 17, in his home in Rochester, Michigan and placed second in the [[Intel International Science and Engineering Fair]] in 2007.<ref>Teen builds basement nuclear reactor, Popular Science</ref><ref>Stephen Ornes: Radioactive Boy Scout, Discover Magazine, March 2007</ref><ref name="Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactor 2007, page 3">"Neutron Activation Analysis Using an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactor," Thiago David Olson of Stoney Creek High School, Rochester Hills, Michigan AVS Newsletter, Fall 2007, page 3, 2007 Intel 58th International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF)</ref>
*'''[[Thiago David Olson]]''' Built a 40 kV fusor at age 17, in his home in Rochester, Michigan and placed second in the [[Intel International Science and Engineering Fair]] in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=Teen builds basement nuclear reactor |website=Popular Science |url=https://www.popsci.com/diy/article/2007-03/popsci-videoteen-builds-basement-nuclear-reactor/ |last=Mone |first= Gregory |date=20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Radioactive Boy Scout |website=Discover Magazine |last=Ornes |first=Steven |date=7 March 2007 |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/radioactive-boy-scout}}</ref><ref name="Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactor 2007, page 3">"Neutron Activation Analysis Using an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactor," Thiago David Olson of Stoney Creek High School, Rochester Hills, Michigan AVS Newsletter, Fall 2007, page 3, 2007 Intel 58th International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF)</ref>
* '''Jamie Edwards''' who fused the atom at 13, at his middle school in England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iter.org/newsline/-/1876|title=Do 13 year olds actually build fusion reactors?}}</ref> He received a letter from the Duke of York, was invited on The David Letterman Show and gave a TED talk.<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/tQV44wVQ7OQ| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQV44wVQ7OQ| title = Achieving nuclear fusion at the age of 13 {{!}} Jamie Edwards {{!}} TEDxSalford | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* '''Jamie Edwards''' who fused the atom at 13, at his middle school in England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iter.org/newsline/-/1876|title=Do 13 year olds actually build fusion reactors? |last=Arnoux |first=Robert |date=26 March 2014 |website=iter.org}}</ref> He received a letter from the Duke of York, was invited on The David Letterman Show and gave a TED talk.<ref>{{cite AV media| url-status = live| archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/tQV44wVQ7OQ| archive-date = 2021-12-08| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQV44wVQ7OQ| title = Achieving nuclear fusion at the age of 13 {{!}} Jamie Edwards {{!}} TEDxSalford | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* '''Conrad Farnsworth''' of Newcastle, Wyoming produced fusion in 2011 at 17<ref name="trib.com">{{Cite web|url=http://trib.com/lifestyles/home-and-garden/teen-makes-nuclear-reactor-in-dad-s-shed/article_e9576aa3-9df4-550a-9778-29c4843104ed.html|title = Teen makes nuclear reactor in dad's shed| date=3 February 2013 }}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/04/conrad-farnsworth-builds-nuclear-fusion-reactor-garage_n_2616998.html|title = Teen Builds Nuclear Reactor in Garage, Hates Edward Cullen|website = [[HuffPost]]|date = 4 February 2013}}</ref> and used this to win a regional and state science fair.
* '''Conrad Farnsworth''' of Newcastle, Wyoming produced fusion in 2011 at 17<ref name="trib.com">{{Cite web|url=http://trib.com/lifestyles/home-and-garden/teen-makes-nuclear-reactor-in-dad-s-shed/article_e9576aa3-9df4-550a-9778-29c4843104ed.html|title = Teen makes nuclear reactor in dad's shed| date=3 February 2013 |website=Casper Star Tribune}}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/04/conrad-farnsworth-builds-nuclear-fusion-reactor-garage_n_2616998.html|title = Conrad Farnsworth, Wyoming Teen, Builds Nuclear Fusion Reactor In Garage (VIDEO)|website = [[HuffPost]]|date = 4 February 2013}}</ref> and used this to win a regional and state science fair.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 02:16, 1 February 2024

The following is a list of fusor examples, examples of the fusor-type nuclear fusion reactor that uses inertial electrostatic confinement

Professional

Fusors have been theoretically studied at multiple institutions, including: Kyoto University,[1] and Kyushu University.[2] Researchers meet annually at the US-Japan Workshop on Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion. The following is a list of machines that were actually built.

  • Tokyo Institute of Technologyhas four IEC devices of different shapes: a spherical machine, a cylindrical device, a co-axial double cylinder and a magnetically assisted device.[3]
  • University of Wisconsin-Madison A group at Wisconsin-Madison has been running a very large, funded, fusor program since 1991.[4]
  • Turkish Atomic Energy Authority In 2013 this team built a 30 cm fusor at the Saraykoy Nuclear Research and Training center in Turkey. This fusor can reach 85 kV and do deuterium fusion, producing 2.4×104 neutrons per second.[5]
  • University of Illinois Dr. George Miley's team at the fusion studies laboratory has built a ~25 cm fusor which has produced 1×107 neutrons using deuterium gas.[6]
  • University of Sydney Dr. Joseph Khachan's group in the Department of Physics has built a variety of IEC devices in both positive and negative polarities and spherical and cylindrical geometries.[7]
  • Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Researchers at Shahid Beheshti University in Iran have built a 60 cm diameter fusor which can produce 1×107 neutrons per second at 140 kV using deuterium gas.[8]
  • Los Alamos National Laboratory In the late nineties, researchers purposed[9] and built a fusor-like system for oscillating plasma, inside a fusor. This device is known as the Periodically Oscillating Plasma Sphere or POPS.[10]
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology For his doctoral thesis in 2007, Carl Dietrich built a fusor and studied its potential use in spacecraft propulsion.[11] In addition, Tom McGuire did his thesis[12][13] on fusors with multiple cages and ion guns.
  • ITT Corporation Hirschs original machine was a 17.8 cm diameter machine with 150 kV voltage drop across it.[citation needed] This machine used ion beams.
  • Phoenix Nuclear Labs Has developed a commercial neutron source based on a fusor, achieving 3×1011 neutrons per second with the deuterium-deuterium fusion reaction.[citation needed]

Amateur

Taylor Wilson presenting fusor work to Barack Obama, February 7, 2012

A number of amateurs have built working fusors and detected neutrons. Many fusor enthusiasts connect on forums[14] and message boards online. Below are some examples of working fusors.

  • Richard Hull Since the late nineties, Richard Hull has built several fusors in his home in Richmond, Virginia.[15] In March 1999, he achieved a neutron rate of 10×105 neutrons per second.[16] Hull maintains a list of amateurs who have detected neutrons from fusors.
  • Carl Greninger Founded the Northwest Nuclear Consortium,[17] an organization in Washington state which teaches a class of a dozen high school students nuclear engineering principles using a 60 kV fusor.[18]
  • Taylor Wilson built a Fusor at 14 years old in 2008.[19][20]
  • Matthew Honickman Was a high school student who built a working fusor in his basement in Rochester, New York.[21]
  • Michael Li In 2003, Michael Li became the youngest person to date to build a fusor, winning second place[22] in the US Intel Science Talent Search winning a $75,000 college scholarship.[16]
  • Mark Suppes A web designer for Gucci in Brooklyn New York, built a working fusor on a path to building the first amateur Polywell.[23][24]
  • Thiago David Olson Built a 40 kV fusor at age 17, in his home in Rochester, Michigan and placed second in the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair in 2007.[25][26][27]
  • Jamie Edwards who fused the atom at 13, at his middle school in England.[28] He received a letter from the Duke of York, was invited on The David Letterman Show and gave a TED talk.[29]
  • Conrad Farnsworth of Newcastle, Wyoming produced fusion in 2011 at 17[30][31] and used this to win a regional and state science fair.

References

  1. ^ Ohnishi, Masami; Hoshino, Chikara; Yoshikawa, Kiyoshi; Masuda, Kai; Yamamoto, Yasushi (February 2000). "Beam optics in inertial electrostatic confinement fusion". Review of Scientific instruments. 71 (2). doi:10.1063/1.1150430.
  2. ^ Matsuura, H.; Takaki, T.; Funakoshi, K.; Nakao, Y.; Kudo, K. (2000). "Ion distribution function and radial profile of neutron production rate in spherical inertial electrostatic confinement plasmas". Nuclear Fusion. 40 (12). doi:10.1088/0029-5515/40/12/101.
  3. ^ Hotta, Eiki (7 October 2013). Overview of IEC Research at Tokyo Tech (PDF). 15th annual US-Japan IEC workshop. Kyoto, Japan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2013.
  4. ^ Ashley, R.P.; Kulcinski, G.L.; Santarius, J.F.; Murali, S.K.; Piefer, G. (1999). D-/sup 3/He fusion in an inertial electrostatic confinement device. 18th IEEE/NPSS Symposium on Fusion Engineering. Albuquerque, NM. doi:10.1109/FUSION.1999.849787.
  5. ^ Bölükdemir, A.S.; Akgün, Y.; Alaçakır, A. (2013). "Preliminary Results of Experimental Studies from Low Pressure Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Device". Journal of Fusion Energy. 32: 561–565. doi:10.1007/s10894-013-9607-z.
  6. ^ Miley, George H. (1999). "A portable neutron/tunable X-ray source based on inertial electrostatic confinement". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 422 (1–3): 16–20. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(98)01108-5.
  7. ^ "Overview of IEC at the University of Sydney" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-18.
  8. ^ Damideh, V. (11 June 2011). "Experimental Study of the Iranian Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Device as a Continuous Neutron Generator". Journal of Fusion Energy. 31: 109–111. doi:10.1007/s10894-011-9438-8.
  9. ^ "Stable, thermal equilibrium, large-amplitude, spherical plasma oscillations in electrostatic confinement devices", DC Barnes and Rick Nebel, PHYSICS OF PLASMAS VOLUME 5, NUMBER 7 JULY 1998
  10. ^ Barnes, D.C.; Chacón, L.; Finn, J.M. (November 2002). "Equilibrium and low-frequency stability of a uniform density, collisionless, spherical Vlasov system". Physics Of Plasmas. 9 (11). doi:10.1063/1.1510667.
  11. ^ Dietrich, Carl (2007). Improving particle confinement in inertial electrostatic fusion for spacecraft power and propulsion (Ph.D. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
  12. ^ McGuire, Thomas John (February 2007). Improved Lifetimes and Synchronization Behavior in Multi-grid Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Devices (Ph.D. thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
  13. ^ McGuire, Thomas; Sedwick, Raymond (21 July 2008). Numerical Predictions of Enhanced Ion Confinement in a Multi-grid IEC Device. 44th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit. Hartford, Connecticut. doi:10.2514/6.2008-4675.
  14. ^ "Home". fusor.net.
  15. ^ Schechner, Sam (26 November 2008). Living with a nuclear reactor. YouTube.
  16. ^ a b Hull, Richard (9 June 2010). "Neutron Club". Retrieved 31 January 2024.
  17. ^ "Home". Northwest Nuclear Consortium. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016.
  18. ^ Overview of the North West Nuclear Consortium in 2012. YouTube. Archived from the original on 23 May 2014.
  19. ^ Dutton, Judy (1 September 2011). "Teen nuclear scientist fights terror". CNN.
  20. ^ Wilson, Taylor (March 2012). Yup, I built a nuclear fusion reactor. TED.
  21. ^ Verghese, Ashwin (6 January 2010). "Building Electronics is teen's favorite leisure activity". Democrat and Chronicle.
  22. ^ Intel STS, "Alumni to watch: Michael Li & The Data Incubator". Retrieved 2014-11-08.[dead link]
  23. ^ Suppes, Mark (11 December 2012). I still don't know everything I should. YouTube. Wired UK.
  24. ^ Local Fusion Reactor. YouTube. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014.
  25. ^ Mone, Gregory (20 March 2007). "Teen builds basement nuclear reactor". Popular Science.
  26. ^ Ornes, Steven (7 March 2007). "Radioactive Boy Scout". Discover Magazine.
  27. ^ "Neutron Activation Analysis Using an Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactor," Thiago David Olson of Stoney Creek High School, Rochester Hills, Michigan AVS Newsletter, Fall 2007, page 3, 2007 Intel 58th International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF)
  28. ^ Arnoux, Robert (26 March 2014). "Do 13 year olds actually build fusion reactors?". iter.org.
  29. ^ Achieving nuclear fusion at the age of 13 | Jamie Edwards | TEDxSalford. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-08.
  30. ^ "Teen makes nuclear reactor in dad's shed". Casper Star Tribune. 3 February 2013.
  31. ^ "Conrad Farnsworth, Wyoming Teen, Builds Nuclear Fusion Reactor In Garage (VIDEO)". HuffPost. 4 February 2013.

See also

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