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The Mylapore clique, also faction,^[1]^[2] group,^[3] set,^[2] or cabal^[4] was a small coterie, amounting to a "handful"^[5] of politically moderate, elite^[5] Brahmins, many of them noted lawyers, in the Madras Presidency, who 'wielded almost exclusive influence and patronage in the service and government appointments',^[5] 'controlled the flow of resources out of the institutions of the capital'^[6] and 'dominated the professional and political life of [the] Madras [presidency].^[7]' Informal and exclusive, it was historically controlled by two extended families, the Vembaukum Iyengars, and the Calamur Viravalli-Chetpet Iyers,^[8] and took its name from the luxurious neighborhood in which many leading members kept mansions.

Per a critic's description, 'the Mylapore Clique was most powerful in the High Court and the Judiciary, but its great influence permeated the Secretariat at Fort St. George and all the Tamil District administrations. It was not without its ramifications in the more important Telugu Districts — Guntur, Kistna, Godavaris [Godavari District was undivided between East and West in 1920], Vizag, and Bellary.'^[9]

Members routinely served as justices of the High Court of Madras, as Tehsildars, in the Legislative Council of Madras, and in similar offices, and were often honoured by the British as Companions or Knight Commanders of the Order of the British Empire, as Companions or Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India, and/or as Knights Bachelor, as well as with the titles of Rai or Rao Bahadur, and of Dewan Bahadur. The Mylapore clique dominated without resistance the Indian National Congress in the southern territories until 1905,^[10] rendering it nearly 'moribund'.^[11]

Opposition came from C. Sankaran Nair's 'less well-placed'^[12] Egmore clique, backed by S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar and his newspaper, The Hindu, and later, the Justice Party;^[6]^[13] the Non-Brahmin movement, today known as the Dravidian movement is viewed by scholars as a reaction to and against Mylapore hegemony,^[14]^[15] while the Mylapore-Egmore rivalry proved crucial to the formation of the Indian National Congress.^[16] During the Home Rule movement, Mylapore and Egmore were briefly allied, although this failed to last.

Senior members

Dewan Bahadur Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar CIE †
Dewan Bahadur Sir S. Subramania Iyer KCIE †
Dewan Bahadur Rai Raghunatha Rao CIE
Justice V. Krishnaswamy Iyer CSI Kaisar-i-Hind †
Advocate-General Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer KCSI CIE
Dewan Bahadur Chief Justice Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri
Dewan Bahadur Justice C.V. Viswanatha Sastri, Kaisar-i-Hind
Sir V. C. Desikachariar
V. S. Srinivasa Sastri CH PC
Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer KCSI KCIE †
S. Srinivasa Iyengar CIE
Dewan Bahadur Justice L. A. Govindaraghava Aiyar
G. A. Natesan
Justice P. R. Sundaram Iyer
Judge C. R. Pattabhirama Iyer
Dewan Bahadur R. Ramachandra Rao

(† denotes a generational leader)

Allies or Subordinate Members

Dewan Bahadur Sir Mocharla Ramachandra Rao Pantulu
Konda Venkatappayya
N. Subba Rao Pantulu
Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu

References

^ Cambridge South Asian Studies. 1965. ISBN 978-0-521-20755-3.
^ ^a ^b Sarkar, Sumit (1989-01-24). Modern India 1885–1947. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-19712-5.
^ Baker, Christopher John; Washbrook, D. A. (1976-06-18). South India. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-02746-0.
^ Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. University of Michigan Press (original); Lalitha Publications.
^ ^a ^b ^c Kannan, R. (2017-06-13). Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-313-4.
^ ^a ^b Baker, C. J.; Washbrook, D. A. (1975). "South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940". doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Ganesan, A. (1988-01-01). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-082-6.
^ Washbrook, D. A. (1976-07-29). The Emergence of Provincial Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20982-3.
^ Irschick, Eugene F. Politics and Social Conflict in South India. University of California Press.
^ Stein, Burton (2010-02-04). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1.
^ "Britain in India, 1858–1947". AnthemPress. Retrieved 2024-03-26.
^ History and Archaeology. University of Michigan Press (original); Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad. 1980.
^ Venkatraman, V. (2019). "March To Freedom: Indian Press and Public Opinion Towards Indian Independence in Madras Presidency 1942-1947". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3437197. ISSN 1556-5068.
^ Veluchamy, C. "Political Trends and Dawn of the Justice Party Volume : III, Issue : III, April - 2013". oldisrj.lbp.world. Lakshmi Book Publication. doi:10.9780/22307850. Retrieved 2024-03-17.
^ Torri, Michelguglielmo (1977). Washbrook, D. A. (ed.). "Social System and Ideology in South India". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (29): 1144–1148. ISSN 0012-9976.
^ "Madras was where idea of Congress was born". The Times of India. 2014-04-20. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-03-17.

Sources

[1] Cambridge South Asian Studies. 1965. ISBN 978-0-521-20755-3.

[:2-2] Sarkar, Sumit (1989-01-24). Modern India 1885–1947. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-19712-5.

[3] Baker, Christopher John; Washbrook, D. A. (1976-06-18). South India. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-02746-0.

[4] Sundararajan, Saroja (1989). March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947. University of Michigan Press (original); Lalitha Publications.

[:0-5] Kannan, R. (2017-06-13). Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-313-4.

[:1-6] Baker, C. J.; Washbrook, D. A. (1975). "South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940". doi:10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[7] Ganesan, A. (1988-01-01). The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-082-6.

[8] Washbrook, D. A. (1976-07-29). The Emergence of Provincial Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20982-3.

[9] Irschick, Eugene F. Politics and Social Conflict in South India. University of California Press.

[10] Stein, Burton (2010-02-04). A History of India. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-2351-1.

[11] "Britain in India, 1858–1947". AnthemPress. Retrieved 2024-03-26.

[12] History and Archaeology. University of Michigan Press (original); Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad. 1980.

[13] Venkatraman, V. (2019). "March To Freedom: Indian Press and Public Opinion Towards Indian Independence in Madras Presidency 1942-1947". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3437197. ISSN 1556-5068.

[14] Veluchamy, C. "Political Trends and Dawn of the Justice Party Volume : III, Issue : III, April - 2013". oldisrj.lbp.world. Lakshmi Book Publication. doi:10.9780/22307850. Retrieved 2024-03-17.

[15] Torri, Michelguglielmo (1977). Washbrook, D. A. (ed.). "Social System and Ideology in South India". Economic and Political Weekly. 12 (29): 1144–1148. ISSN 0012-9976.

[16] "Madras was where idea of Congress was born". The Times of India. 2014-04-20. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2024-03-17.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:V. Bhashyam Iyengar.png|thumb|190x190px|Dewan Bahadur Sir [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] <small>[[CIE]]</small>]]
 [[File:CP Ramaswami Aiyar.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] [[KCIE|<small>KCSI KCIE</small>]]]]
-The '''Mylapore clique''', also '''faction''', '''group''', '''set''',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |date=1989 |title=Modern India 1885–1947 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19712-5 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-19712-5}}</ref> or '''cabal'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947 |date=1989 |publisher=University of Michigan Press (original); Lalitha Publications |language=en}}</ref> was a small coterie of politically moderate, elite<ref name=":0" /> [[Brahmin]]s, many of them noted lawyers, in the [[Madras Presidency]], who 'wielded almost exclusive influence and patronage in the service and government appointments',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USfI9rPtpygC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT27&dq=mylapore+clique&hl=en |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai |date=2017-06-13 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-313-4 |language=en}}</ref> 'controlled the flow of resources out of the institutions of the capital'<ref name=":1" /> and 'dominated the professional and political life of Madras<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganesan |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA59&dq=mylapore+clique&hl=en |title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937 |date=1988-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-082-6 |language=en}}</ref>'. Informal and exclusive, it was historically controlled by two extended families, the [[Vembaukum family|Vembaukum]] [[Iyengar]]s, and the [[Calamur Viravalli|Calamur Viravalli-Chetpet]] [[Iyer]]s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Washbrook |first=D. A. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563430 |title=The Emergence of Provincial Politics |date=1976-07-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20982-3}}</ref> and took its name from [[Mylapore]], the luxurious neighborhood in which many members kept mansions.
+The '''Mylapore clique''', also '''faction''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zBRAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Cambridge South Asian Studies |date=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-20755-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOawCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Modern India 1885–1947 |date=1989-01-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-19712-5 |language=en}}</ref> '''group''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Christopher John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fHCwCwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=South India |last2=Washbrook |first2=D. A. |date=1976-06-18 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-02746-0 |language=en}}</ref> '''set''',<ref name=":2" /> or '''cabal'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947 |date=1989 |publisher=University of Michigan Press (original); Lalitha Publications |language=en}}</ref> was a small coterie, amounting to a "handful"<ref name=":0" /> of politically moderate, elite<ref name=":0" /> [[Brahmin]]s, many of them noted lawyers, in the [[Madras Presidency]], who 'wielded almost exclusive influence and patronage in the service and government appointments',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USfI9rPtpygC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT27&dq=mylapore+clique&hl=en |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai |date=2017-06-13 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-313-4 |language=en}}</ref> 'controlled the flow of resources out of the institutions of the capital'<ref name=":1" /> and 'dominated the professional and political life of [the] Madras [presidency].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganesan |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA59&dq=mylapore+clique&hl=en |title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937 |date=1988-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-082-6 |language=en}}</ref>' Informal and exclusive, it was historically controlled by two extended families, the [[Vembaukum family|Vembaukum]] [[Iyengar]]s, and the [[Calamur Viravalli|Calamur Viravalli-Chetpet]] [[Iyer]]s,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Washbrook |first=D. A. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563430 |title=The Emergence of Provincial Politics |date=1976-07-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20982-3}}</ref> and took its name from [[Mylapore|the luxurious neighborhood in which many leading members kept mansions.]]
 Per a critic's description, 'the Mylapore Clique was most powerful in the High Court and the Judiciary, but its great influence permeated the [[Fort St. George, India|Secretariat at Fort St. George]] and all the Tamil District administrations. It was not without its ramifications in the more important Telugu Districts — [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Krishna district|Kistna]], [[Godavari District|Godavaris]] [Godavari District was undivided between East and West in 1920], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]], and [[Ballari|Bellary]].'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLY7v3tbM8kC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India |publisher=University of California Press |language=en}}</ref>
-Members routinely served as justices of the [[High Court of Madras]], as [[Tehsildar|Tehsildars]], in the [[Legislative Council of Madras]], and in similar offices, and were often honoured by the British as [[Companion of the Order of the British Empire|Companions or Knight Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]], as [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|Companions or Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], and/or as [[Knight Bachelor|Knights Bachelor]], as well as with the titles of [[Rao Bahadur|Rai or Rao Bahadur]], and of [[Dewan Bahadur]]. The faction dominated without resistance the [[Indian National Congress]] in the southern territories until 1905.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=A History of India |date=2010-02-04 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |language=en}}</ref>
+Members routinely served as justices of the [[High Court of Madras]], as [[Tehsildar|Tehsildars]], in the [[Legislative Council of Madras]], and in similar offices, and were often honoured by the British as [[Companion of the Order of the British Empire|Companions or Knight Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]], as [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|Companions or Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]], and/or as [[Knight Bachelor|Knights Bachelor]], as well as with the titles of [[Rao Bahadur|Rai or Rao Bahadur]], and of [[Dewan Bahadur]]. The Mylapore clique dominated without resistance the [[Indian National Congress]] in the southern territories until 1905,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&newbks=0&hl=en |title=A History of India |date=2010-02-04 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |language=en}}</ref> rendering it nearly 'moribund'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain in India, 1858–1947 |url=https://anthempress.com/britain-in-india-1858-1947-pb |access-date=2024-03-26 |website=AnthemPress |language=en}}</ref>
 Opposition came from [[C. Sankaran Nair]]'s 'less well-placed'<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chvjAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=History and Archaeology |date=1980 |publisher=University of Michigan Press (original); Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad |language=en}}</ref> [[Egmore clique]], backed by [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]] and his newspaper, [[The Hindu]], and later, the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]];<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=C. J. |last2=Washbrook |first2=D. A. |date=1975 |title=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0 |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Venkatraman |first=V. |date=2019 |title=March To Freedom: Indian Press and Public Opinion Towards Indian Independence in Madras Presidency 1942-1947 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3437197 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3437197 |issn=1556-5068}}</ref> the [[Dravidian movement|Non-Brahmin movement, today known as the Dravidian movement]] is viewed by scholars as a reaction to and against Mylapore hegemony,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veluchamy |first=C. |title=Political Trends and Dawn of the Justice Party Volume : III, Issue : III, April - 2013 |url=http://oldisrj.lbp.world/ArchiveArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2267 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=oldisrj.lbp.world |publisher=Lakshmi Book Publication |doi=10.9780/22307850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torri |first=Michelguglielmo |date=1977 |editor-last=Washbrook |editor-first=D. A. |title=Social System and Ideology in South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365773 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=12 |issue=29 |pages=1144–1148 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> while the Mylapore-Egmore rivalry proved crucial to the formation of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-20 |title=Madras was where idea of Congress was born |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/madras-was-where-idea-of-congress-was-born/articleshow/33976753.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the [[Indian Home Rule movement|Home Rule movement]], Mylapore and Egmore were briefly allied, although this failed to last.