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Added some information on fossil record
Eodendrogale is actually from the Eocene, not the Miocene, and its treeshrewness is questionable; add a section on fossil record
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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
| name = Treeshrews<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Helgen|pages=104–109}}</ref>
| name = Treeshrews<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Helgen|pages=104–109}}</ref>
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|15|0}}Mid [[Miocene]] - Recent
| fossil_range = ?[[Middle Eocene]] – Recent
| image = Anathana_ellioti.jpg
| image = Anathana_ellioti.jpg
| image_caption = [[Madras Treeshrew]] (''Anathana ellioti'')
| image_caption = [[Madras Treeshrew]] (''Anathana ellioti'')
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== Classification ==
== Classification ==
[[Image:Dentition tupaia.jpg|thumb|250px|Dentition of ''Tupaia'']]
[[Image:Dentition tupaia.jpg|thumb|250px|Dentition of ''Tupaia'']]

The oldest known Scandentian fossil is ''[[Eodendrogale]]'' from [[Miocene]] China.<ref>The timetree of life, By S. Blair Hedges, Sudhir Kumar</ref>
Treeshrews were moved from Insectivora to the [[Primates]] order, because of certain internal similarities to the latter (for example, similarities in the [[brain]] [[anatomy]], highlighted by Sir Wilfred [[Le Gros Clark]]), and classified as a primitive [[prosimian]]. However, recent [[molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenetic]] studies have strongly suggested that treeshrews should be given the same rank ([[order (biology)|order]]) as the primates and, with the primates and the [[flying lemur]]s (colugos), belong to the [[clade]] [[Euarchonta]]. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the [[Glires]] ([[lagomorpha|lagomorphs]] and [[rodent]]s), and the two groups are combined into the clade [[Euarchontoglires]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Janecka | first1 = Jan E. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Webb | last3 = Pringle | first3 = Thomas H. | last4 = Wiens | first4 = Frank | last5 = Zitzmann | first5 = Annette | last6 = Helgen | first6 = Kristofer M. | last7 = Springer | first7 = Mark S. | last8 = Murphy | first8 = William J. | title = Molecular and Genomic Data Identify The Closest Living Relatives of Primates | journal = Science | volume = 318 | pages = 792–4 | date = 2007-11-02 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/318/5851/792.pdf | doi = 10.1126/science.1147555 | pmid = 17975064 | issue = 5851 | postscript = <!--None--> | bibcode=2007Sci...318..792J}}</ref> Other arrangements of these orders have been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pettigrew | first1 = JD | last2 = Jamieson | first2 = BG | last3 = Robson | first3 = SK | last4 = Hall | first4 = LS | last5 = McAnally | first5 = KI | last6 = Cooper | first6 = HM | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1989 | title = Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates) | url = | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 325 | issue = 1229| pages = 489–559 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1989.0102 }}</ref>
Treeshrews were moved from Insectivora to the [[Primates]] order, because of certain internal similarities to the latter (for example, similarities in the [[brain]] [[anatomy]], highlighted by Sir Wilfred [[Le Gros Clark]]), and classified as a primitive [[prosimian]]. However, recent [[molecular phylogeny|molecular phylogenetic]] studies have strongly suggested that treeshrews should be given the same rank ([[order (biology)|order]]) as the primates and, with the primates and the [[flying lemur]]s (colugos), belong to the [[clade]] [[Euarchonta]]. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the [[Glires]] ([[lagomorpha|lagomorphs]] and [[rodent]]s), and the two groups are combined into the clade [[Euarchontoglires]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Janecka | first1 = Jan E. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Webb | last3 = Pringle | first3 = Thomas H. | last4 = Wiens | first4 = Frank | last5 = Zitzmann | first5 = Annette | last6 = Helgen | first6 = Kristofer M. | last7 = Springer | first7 = Mark S. | last8 = Murphy | first8 = William J. | title = Molecular and Genomic Data Identify The Closest Living Relatives of Primates | journal = Science | volume = 318 | pages = 792–4 | date = 2007-11-02 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/318/5851/792.pdf | doi = 10.1126/science.1147555 | pmid = 17975064 | issue = 5851 | postscript = <!--None--> | bibcode=2007Sci...318..792J}}</ref> Other arrangements of these orders have been proposed.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pettigrew | first1 = JD | last2 = Jamieson | first2 = BG | last3 = Robson | first3 = SK | last4 = Hall | first4 = LS | last5 = McAnally | first5 = KI | last6 = Cooper | first6 = HM | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1989 | title = Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates) | url = | journal = Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences | volume = 325 | issue = 1229| pages = 489–559 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.1989.0102 }}</ref>


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*** Genus ''[[Ptilocercus]]''
*** Genus ''[[Ptilocercus]]''
**** [[Pen-tailed Treeshrew]], ''Ptilocercus lowii''
**** [[Pen-tailed Treeshrew]], ''Ptilocercus lowii''

== Fossil record ==
The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, ''[[Eodendrogale parva]]'', is from the [[Middle Eocene]] of [[Henan]], China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the [[Miocene]] of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and [[Yunnan]], China, as well as the [[Pliocene]] of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae, but some still-undescribed fossils from Yunnan are thought to be closer to the [[pen-tailed treeshrew]] (''Ptilocercus''). Named fossil species include ''[[Prodendrogale yunnanica]]'', ''[[Prodendrogale engesseri]]'', and ''[[Tupaia storchi]]'' from Yunnan, ''[[Tupaia miocenica]]'' from Thailand, and ''[[Palaeotupaia sivalicus]]'' from India.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1007/s13358-011-0029-0}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 02:38, 8 January 2012

Treeshrews[1]
Temporal range: ?Middle Eocene – Recent
Madras Treeshrew (Anathana ellioti)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Infraclass:
Eutheria
Superorder:
Euarchontoglires
Order:
Scandentia

Wagner, 1855
Families

The treeshrews (or tree shrews) are small mammals native to the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They make up the families Tupaiidae, the treeshrews, and Ptilocercidae, the pen-tailed treeshrews, and the entire order Scandentia. There are 20 species in 5 genera. Treeshrews have a higher brain to body mass ratio than humans, though this is not uncommon for animals weighing less than a kilogram.[2]

Although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews (although they were previously classified in the Insectivora), and not all species are necessarily arboreal. Among other things, they eat Rafflesia fruit.

Characteristics

Treeshrews are slender animals with long tails and soft, greyish to reddish-brown fur. The terrestrial species tend to be larger than the arboreal forms, and to have larger claws, which they use for digging up insect prey. They are omnivorous, feeding on insects, small vertebrates, fruit, and seeds. They have poorly developed canine teeth and unspecialised molars, with an overall dental formula of: 2.1.3.33.1.3.3[3]

Treeshrews have good vision, which is binocular in the case of the more arboreal species. Most are diurnal, although the Pen-tailed Treeshrew is nocturnal.

Female treeshrews give birth to up to three young after a gestation period of 45 to 50 days, in nests lined with dry leaves inside tree hollows. The young are born blind and hairless, but are able to leave the nest after about a month. During this period, the mother provides relatively little maternal care, visiting her young only for a few minutes every other day to suckle them. Treeshrews reach sexual maturity after around four months, and breed for much of the year, with no clear breeding season in most species.[3]

These animals live in small family groups, which defend their territory from intruders. They mark their territories using various scent glands, or urine, depending on the particular species.

The name Tupaia is derived from tupai the Malay word for squirrel[4] and was provided by Sir Stamford Raffles.[5]

In 2008, researchers found that the Pen-tailed Treeshrew in Malaysia was able to consume large amounts of naturally fermented nectar of up to 3.8% alcohol content the entire year without having any effects on behaviour. Investigation to how these animals cope with that diet is still ongoing.[6]

Classification

Dentition of Tupaia

Treeshrews were moved from Insectivora to the Primates order, because of certain internal similarities to the latter (for example, similarities in the brain anatomy, highlighted by Sir Wilfred Le Gros Clark), and classified as a primitive prosimian. However, recent molecular phylogenetic studies have strongly suggested that treeshrews should be given the same rank (order) as the primates and, with the primates and the flying lemurs (colugos), belong to the clade Euarchonta. According to this classification, the Euarchonta are sister to the Glires (lagomorphs and rodents), and the two groups are combined into the clade Euarchontoglires.[7] Other arrangements of these orders have been proposed.[8]

Euarchontoglires
Glires

Rodentia (rodents)

Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas)

Euarchonta

Scandentia (treeshrews)

Fossil record

The fossil record of treeshrews is poor. The oldest putative treeshrew, Eodendrogale parva, is from the Middle Eocene of Henan, China, but the identity of this animal is uncertain. Other fossils have come from the Miocene of Thailand, Pakistan, India, and Yunnan, China, as well as the Pliocene of India. Most belong to the family Tupaiidae, but some still-undescribed fossils from Yunnan are thought to be closer to the pen-tailed treeshrew (Ptilocercus). Named fossil species include Prodendrogale yunnanica, Prodendrogale engesseri, and Tupaia storchi from Yunnan, Tupaia miocenica from Thailand, and Palaeotupaia sivalicus from India.[9]

References

  1. ^ Helgen, K.M. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 104–109. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ http://genomeold.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Tupaia%20belangeri
  3. ^ a b Martin, Robert D. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 440–445. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  4. ^ Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University. p. 245. ISBN 0801857899.
  5. ^ Craig, John (1849). A new universal etymological technological, and pronouncing dictionary of the English Language.
  6. ^ msnbc news article
  7. ^ Janecka, Jan E.; Miller, Webb; Pringle, Thomas H.; Wiens, Frank; Zitzmann, Annette; Helgen, Kristofer M.; Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J. (2007-11-02). "Molecular and Genomic Data Identify The Closest Living Relatives of Primates" (PDF). Science. 318 (5851): 792–4. Bibcode:2007Sci...318..792J. doi:10.1126/science.1147555. PMID 17975064.
  8. ^ Pettigrew, JD; Jamieson, BG; Robson, SK; Hall, LS; McAnally, KI; Cooper, HM (1989). "Phylogenetic relations between microbats, megabats and primates (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Primates)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences. 325 (1229): 489–559. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0102. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s13358-011-0029-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s13358-011-0029-0 instead.

External links

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