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<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
<!-- onlyinclude tags for transclusion into [[Childbirth]] article -->
<onlyinclude>'''Obstructed labour''', '''dystocia''' ([[antonym]] '''eutocia'''; {{lang-grc|τόκος|tókos|childbirth}}) is an abnormal or difficult [[childbirth]] or labour. Approximately one fifth of human labours have dystocia.<ref name="Zhu">
'''Obstructed labour''' also known as '''dystocia''', is an abnormal or difficult [[childbirth]]. Complications include fetal death, respiratory depression, [[hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy]] (HIE), and brachial nerve damage.
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{{cite journal | last=Zhu | first=B.P. | last2= Grigorescu |first2= V. |last3= Le |first3= T. |last4= Lin |first4= M. |last5= Copeland |first5= G. |last6= Barone |first6= M. |last7= Turabelidze |first7= G. |displayauthors= 4 | title=Labor dystocia and its association with interpregnancy interval | journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=July 2006 | volume=195 |issue= 1 | pages=121&ndash;8 | pmid= 16635468 |doi= 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.016}}</ref>
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Dystocia may arise due to incoordinate uterine activity, abnormal fetal lie or presentation, absolute or relative [[cephalopelvic disproportion]], or (rarely) a massive [[fetal tumor]] such as a [[sacrococcygeal teratoma]]. [[Oxytocin]] is commonly used to treat incoordinate uterine activity, but [[pregnancy|pregnancies]] complicated by dystocia often end with assisted deliveries, including [[Forceps in childbirth|forceps]], [[ventouse]] or, commonly, [[caesarean section]]. Recognized complications of dystocia include fetal death, respiratory depression, [[hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy]] (HIE), and brachial nerve damage. A prolonged interval between pregnancies, primigravid birth, and multiple birth have also been associated with increased risk for labour dystocia.<ref name="Zhu" />


<!-- Causes -->
[[Shoulder dystocia]] is a dystocia in which the anterior shoulder of the infant cannot pass below the [[pubic symphysis]] or requires significant manipulation to pass below it. It can also be described as delivery requiring additional manoeuvres after gentle downward traction on the head has failed to deliver the shoulders.
Obstructed labour may arise due to poor contractions of the uterus, abnormal positioning of the baby, absolute or relative [[cephalopelvic disproportion]], or (rarely) a massive [[fetal tumor]] such as a [[sacrococcygeal teratoma]]. [[Shoulder dystocia]] is a obstructed labour in which the anterior shoulder of the infant does not pass below the [[pubic symphysis]] or requires significant manipulation to pass below it. It can also be described as delivery requiring additional manoeuvres after gentle downward traction on the head has failed to deliver the shoulders. A prolonged second stage of labour is another type of dystocia whereby the fetus has not been delivered within three hours in a nulliparous woman, or two hours in multiparous woman, after her cervix has become fully dilated.


A prolonged second stage of labour is another type of dystocia whereby the fetus has not been delivered within three hours in a nulliparous woman, or two hours in multiparous woman, after her cervix has become fully dilated.


<!-- Treatment -->
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Synonyms for dystocia include difficult labour, abnormal labour, difficult childbirth, abnormal childbirth, and dysfunctional labour.</onlyinclude>
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[[Oxytocin]] is commonly used to treat poor contractions of the uterus, but [[pregnancy|pregnancies]] complicated by obstructed labour often end with assisted deliveries, including [[Forceps in childbirth|forceps]], [[ventouse]] or, [[caesarean section]]. A prolonged interval between pregnancies, primigravid birth, and multiple birth have also been associated with increased risk for labour dystocia.<ref name="Zhu" />


<!-- Epidemiology -->
Approximately one fifth of vaginal deliveries are complicated by obstructive labour.<ref name="Zhu">
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{{cite journal | last=Zhu | first=B.P. | last2= Grigorescu |first2= V. |last3= Le |first3= T. |last4= Lin |first4= M. |last5= Copeland |first5= G. |last6= Barone |first6= M. |last7= Turabelidze |first7= G. |displayauthors= 4 | title=Labor dystocia and its association with interpregnancy interval | journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=July 2006 | volume=195 |issue= 1 | pages=121&ndash;8 | pmid= 16635468 |doi= 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.016}}</ref> In 2013 it resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GDB2013>{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref>


==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology==
In 2013 it resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990.<ref name=GDB2013/>
As of 2010 obstructed labour resulted in about 11,000 deaths down from 19,000 in 1990.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last1=Lozano|first1=68786R. |last2= et al.|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref>

==Etyology==


The [[antonym]] of dystocia is eutocia {{lang-grc|τόκος|tókos|childbirth}} or normal childbirth.
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Other terms for obstructed labour include: difficult labour, abnormal labour, difficult childbirth, abnormal childbirth, and dysfunctional labour.
==Other animals==
==Other animals==
The term can also be used in the context of various animals. Dystocia pertaining to birds and reptiles is also called [[egg binding]].
The term can also be used in the context of various animals. Dystocia pertaining to birds and reptiles is also called [[egg binding]].

Revision as of 22:00, 20 February 2015

Obstructed labour
SpecialtyObstetrics and gynaecology Edit this on Wikidata

Obstructed labour also known as dystocia, is an abnormal or difficult childbirth. Complications include fetal death, respiratory depression, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), and brachial nerve damage.

Obstructed labour may arise due to poor contractions of the uterus, abnormal positioning of the baby, absolute or relative cephalopelvic disproportion, or (rarely) a massive fetal tumor such as a sacrococcygeal teratoma. Shoulder dystocia is a obstructed labour in which the anterior shoulder of the infant does not pass below the pubic symphysis or requires significant manipulation to pass below it. It can also be described as delivery requiring additional manoeuvres after gentle downward traction on the head has failed to deliver the shoulders. A prolonged second stage of labour is another type of dystocia whereby the fetus has not been delivered within three hours in a nulliparous woman, or two hours in multiparous woman, after her cervix has become fully dilated.


Oxytocin is commonly used to treat poor contractions of the uterus, but pregnancies complicated by obstructed labour often end with assisted deliveries, including forceps, ventouse or, caesarean section. A prolonged interval between pregnancies, primigravid birth, and multiple birth have also been associated with increased risk for labour dystocia.[1]


Approximately one fifth of vaginal deliveries are complicated by obstructive labour.[1] In 2013 it resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990.[2]

Epidemiology

In 2013 it resulted in 19,000 deaths down from 29,000 deaths in 1990.[2]

Etyology

The antonym of dystocia is eutocia Ancient Greek: τόκος, romanized: tókos, lit. 'childbirth' or normal childbirth. Other terms for obstructed labour include: difficult labour, abnormal labour, difficult childbirth, abnormal childbirth, and dysfunctional labour.

Other animals

The term can also be used in the context of various animals. Dystocia pertaining to birds and reptiles is also called egg binding.

References

  1. ^ a b Zhu, B.P.; Grigorescu, V.; Le, T.; Lin, M.; Copeland, G.; Barone, M.; Turabelidze, G. (July 2006). "Labor dystocia and its association with interpregnancy interval". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 195 (1): 121–8. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.12.016. PMID 16635468. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ a b GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442. {{cite journal}}: |first1= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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