Bryde's whale: Difference between revisions

Bryde's whales
	Size compared to an average human
Conservation status
	; Data Deficient (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Cetacea
Family:	Balaenoptiidae
Genus:	Balaenoptera
Species:	B. brydei; B. edeni
Binomial name
	Balaenoptera brydei; Olsen, 1913
	Bryde's whale range
	Balaenoptera edeni; Anderson, 1879

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Bryde's whale or the Bryde's whale complex (/bruːdə/BREW-də) putatively comprises two species of rorqual and maybe three. The "complex" means the number and classification remains unclear because of a lack of definitive information and research. The common Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei, Olsen, 1913) is a larger form that occurs worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and the Sittang or Eden's whale (B. edeni, Anderson, 1879) is a smaller form that may be restricted to the Indo-Pacific.^[2] Also, a smaller, coastal form of B. brydei is found off southern Africa, and perhaps another form in the Indo-Pacific differs in skull morphology, tentatively referred to as the Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale. The recently described Omura's whale (B. omurai, Wada et al. 2003), was formerly considered a "pygmy" form of Bryde's, but is now recognized as a distinct species.

B. brydei gets its specific and common name from Johan Bryde, Norwegian consul to South Africa who helped establish the first modern whaling station in the country, while B. edeni gets its specific and common name from Sir Ashley Eden, former High Commissioner of Burma (Myanmar). Sittang whale refers to the type locality of the species. In Thailand, locals distinguished Sittang whales different from B.edeni,^[3] and it is unclear whether Sittang whales were applied for later classified Omura's whales by locals.

Etymology

In Japan, early whalers called it "anchovy" (鰯, iwashi) or "skipjack whale" (鰹鯨, katsuo-kujira). It preys on the anchovy and it was commonly associated with the skipjack. As modern whaling shifted to the Sanriku area, whalemen confused it for the sei whale; now iwashi-kujira (鰯鯨, "anchovy whale") only applies to the latter. Incidentally, anchovies are dominant prey for both species off Japan. They are now called nitari-kujira (似鯨, "look-alike whale"), for their resemblance to the sei whale.^[4]

Taxonomy

The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are Bryde's whale B. brydei and the Sittang or Eden's whale B. edeni,^[5] that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species, the scientific name B. edeni is commonly used or they are simply referred to B. cf brydei/edeni.^[6]

In 1878, the Scottish zoologist John Anderson, first curator of the Indian Museum in Calcutta, described Balaenoptera edeni, naming it after the former British High Commissioner in Burma, Sir Ashley Eden, who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent a Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the Sittang and Beeling Rivers, on the Gulf of Martaban, where he found a 37-ft whale, which had stranded there in June 1871 after swimming more than 20 miles up the creek — it was said to have "exhausted itself by its furious struggles" to get free and "roared like an elephant" before finally expiring. Despite terrible weather, he was able to secure almost the entire skull and nearly all its vertebrae, along with other bones. These were sent to Anderson, who described the specimen, which was physically mature, as a new species.^[7] In 1913, the Norwegian scientist Ørjan Olsen, based on the examination of a dozen "sei whales" brought to the whaling stations at Durban and Saldanha, in South Africa, described Balaenoptera brydei, naming it after the Norwegian consul to South Africa Johan Bryde.^[8] In 1950, the Dutch scientist G.C.A. Junge, after comparing specimens of B. edeni and B. brydei with a 39-ft, physically mature specimen that had stranded on Pulau Sugi, an island between Singapore and Sumatra, in July 1936, synonymized the two species into B. edeni.^[7]^[9]

Description

Size

Illustration of Eden's whale

Members of the Bryde's whale complex are moderately sized rorquals, falling behind sei whales, but being larger than Omura's whale and the relatively small minke whales. The largest measured by Olsen (1913) was a 14.95 m (49.0 ft) female caught off Durban in November 1912,^[8] while the longest of each sex measured by Best (1977) at the Donkergat whaling station in Saldanha Bay, South Africa, were a 15.51 m (50.9 ft) female caught in October 1962 and a 14.56 m (47.8 ft) male caught in April 1963; both were the offshore form.^[10] At physical maturity, the coastal form off South Africa averages 13.1 m (43 ft) for males and 13.7 m (45 ft) for females, while the South Africa offshore form averages 13.7 and 14.4 m (45 and 47 ft). The coastal form near Japan is slightly smaller, with adult males averaging 12.9 m (42 ft) and adult females 13.3 m (44 ft). At sexual maturity, males average 11.9 m (39 ft) and females 12 m (39 ft) near Japan. Sexual maturity is reached at 8–11 years for both sexes in the offshore form off South Africa. At birth, they are 3.95–4.15 m (13.0–13.6 ft).^[11] The body mass of Bryde's whales can range 12–25 metric tons (13–28 short tons).

External appearance

Bryde's whale is a baleen whale, more specifically a rorqual belonging to the same group as blue whales and humpback whales. It has twin blowholes with a low splashguard to the front. Like other rorquals, it has no teeth, but has two rows of baleen plates.

Bryde's whales closely resemble their close relative the sei whale. They are remarkably elongated (even more so than fin whales), with the greatest height of the body being one-seventh their total length – compared to 1/6.5 to 1/6.75 in fin whales and only 1/5.5 in sei whales. Bryde's are dark smoky grey dorsally and usually white ventrally, whereas sei whales are often a galvanized blue-grey dorsally and have a variably sized white patch on the throat, a posteriorly oriented white anchor-shaped marking between the pectoral fins, and are blue-grey beyond the anus – although Bryde's off South Africa can have a similar irregular white patch on the throat. Bryde's have a straight rostrum with three longitudinal ridges that extend from the blowholes, where the auxiliary ridges begin as depressions, to the tip of the rostrum. The sei whale, like other rorquals, has a single median ridge, as well as a slightly arched rostrum, which is accentuated at the tip. Bryde's usually have dark grey lower jaws, whereas sei whales are lighter grey. Bryde's have 250–370 pairs of short, slate grey baleen plates with long, coarse, lighter grey or white bristles that are 40 cm (16 in) long by 20 cm (7.9 in) wide, while sei whales have longer, black or dark grey baleen plates with short, curling, wool-like bristles.^[8]

The 40 to 70 ventral pleats extend to or past the umbilicus, occupying about 58% and 57% of the total length, respectively; sei whales, though, have ventral pleats that extend only halfway between the pectoral fins and umbilicus, occupying only 45-47% of the total body length, whereas their umbilicus is usually 52% of the total body length. Both species are often covered with white or pink oval scars caused by bites from cookie-cutter sharks.^[12]

Bryde's whales have an upright, falcate dorsal fin that is up to 46.25 cm (18.21 in) in height, averages 34.4 cm (13.5 in), and is usually between 30 and 37.5 cm (11.8 and 14.8 in).^[10] It is often frayed or ragged along its rear margin and located about two-thirds of the way along the back. The broad, centrally notched tail flukes rarely break the surface. The flippers are small and slender.^[6]

Behaviour

*B. cf. brydei* breaches, showing gray upper half of lower jaw

Their blow is columnar or bushy, about 3.0–4.0 m (10–13 ft) high. Sometimes, they blow or exhale while under water. Bryde's whales display seemingly erratic behaviour compared to other baleens, because they surface at irregular intervals and can change directions for unknown reasons.^[6]

They usually appear individually or in pairs, and occasionally in loose aggregations up to 20 animals around feeding areas.^[6] They are more active on water surface than sei whales, and this tendency becomes even stronger in coastal form.

Breathing

They regularly dive for about 5–15 minutes (maximum of 20 minutes) after four to seven blows. Bryde's whales are capable of reaching depths down to 1,000 ft (300 m). When submerging, these whales do not display their flukes. Bryde's whales commonly swim at 1.6–6.4 km/h (1–4 mph), but can reach 19–24 km/h (12–15 mph).^[6] They sometimes generate short (0.4 seconds) powerful, low frequency vocalizations that resemble a human moan.^[6]

Diet

Bryde's whales feed on a wide variety of fish, planktonic crustaceans, and cephalopods. In the western North Pacific, Bryde's whales caught by Japanese scientific whaling vessels (2000–2007) mainly fed on Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus, 52%) and various species of euphausiid (36%, including Euphausia similis, E. gibboides, Thysanoessa gregaria, and Nematoscelis difficilis), as well as oceanic lightfish (Vinciguerria nimbaria, nearly 3%), and mackerels (Scomber spp., less than 2%). The prey differed by location and season. In coastal areas, euphausiids dominated the diet, comprising 89 and 75% of the diet in May and June, respectively. Further offshore, Japanese anchovy was the dominant species, accounting for nearly 100% of the diet in late summer.^[13] Based on the stomach contents of Bryde's whales caught by Japanese pelagic whaling expeditions in the North Pacific in the 1970s, the majority where found to feed on euphausiids (nearly 89%), whereas only about 11% fed on fish.^[14]

Off South Africa, prey preferences differed between the inshore and offshore forms. The former mainly feed on anchovies (Engraulis capensis, 83%), maasbankers (Trachurus trachurus, 36%), and pilchards (Sardinops ocellata, 33%), with only one (or 3%) being found with euphausiids (Nyctiphanes capensis). The latter, however, mainly feed on euphausiids (primarily Euphausia lucens, but also E. recurva, N. capensis, and Thysanoessa gregaria), as well as various deep-sea fish (including Mueller's pearlside, Maurolicus muelleri, and a species of Lestidium). One was even found "full of baby squid" (later identified as Lycoteuthis diadema).^[10]

In the Gulf of California, they mainly feed on Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and thread herring (Opisthonema libertate) (about 88%), but also feed on euphausiids (mostly Nyctiphanes simplex, 11%). They have also been observed feeding on pelagic red crabs (Pleuroncodes planipes) off southern Baja California.^[15] In the Coral Sea, the South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean, they appear to mainly feed on euphausiids, while off Brazil, they have been observed feeding on sardines. Individuals caught off Western Australia were found with anchovies (E. australis) in their stomachs (though these individuals may refer to Omura's whale).^[16] Bryde's whales use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets especially within Gulf of Tosa.^[6]^[17]^[18]

Reproduction and nurturing

Bryde's whales breed in alternate years, apparently in any season, with an autumnal peak. Their gestation period is estimated at 12 months. Calves are about 3.4–4.0 m (11–13 ft) long at birth and weigh 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). They become sexually mature at 8–13 years of age, when females are 12 m (39 ft). The mother nurses for 6–12 months.^[6]

Distribution

B. brydei

*B. cf. brydei* whale swimming off Madeira

B. brydei occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of 16–22 °C (61–72 °F). In the North Pacific, they occur as far north as Honshu to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as Washington in the United States. A resident population is found in the Gulf of California and they occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including Peru and Ecuador,^[19] where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off Chile between 35° and 37°S. In the southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the North Island of New Zealand. Based on osteological features, a specimen from Taiwan was referred to B. brydei, while several specimens from the Philippines and Indonesia differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale.^[1]^[20]^[21] Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that Bryde's whales caught in the pelagic western North Pacific and Bonin Islands (resident population), as well as biopsy samples taken from whales off Hawaii, the west coast of Baja California, and the southern Gulf of California, belonged to B. brydei.^[22] Resident or semi-resident groups also exist off Hawaiian^[23] and Northwestern Hawaiian Islands,^[24] and Northern Mariana Islands.^[25] Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern Sea of Japan on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of the northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-m-long specimen at Nakhodka in 2011.^[26]

B. brydei occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about 35°S. Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to B. brydei, as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the Maldives. Individuals sighted in the Red Sea may or may not be B. brydei.^[1]^[27] Bryde's whales are considered to be more common in Red Sea than previously thought,^[28] and possibly a local resident group exists within the sea.^[28] Whales still migrate through coastal areas nearby such as in Gulf of Aden,^[29]^[30] Gulf of Aquaba,^[28] and in the Strait of Hormuz.^[31]

In the North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as Cape Hatteras. They occur in the Gulf of Mexico and throughout the wider Caribbean – two specimens from Aruba were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within B. brydei and to form a clade with a specimen from Madeira and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the Azores in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms,^[32] but do not occur in the Mediterranean. They appear to occur off Brazil year-round, such as around Rio de Janeiro – Cape Frio,^[33] Armação dos Búzios. Individuals of the inshore form off South Africa are also resident year-round, occurring mainly between Cape Recife and Saldanha Bay, whereas the larger offshore form migrates to West African equatorial waters in the winter.^[1]^[32]^[34] Regular occurrences have been noted around Cape Verde as well.^[35]

There are unusually large aggressions of Bryde's whales inhabit between Curacao and Venezuela.^[36]

B. edeni

The type specimen is from the Gulf of Martaban coast of Myanmar, while other referred specimens were found on the Bay of Bengal coast of Myanmar, Bangladesh, India, Thailand to Vietnam, Taiwan and continental China. A population found off southern and southwestern Japan in the East China Sea has also been referred to B. edeni. A whale that stranded in Hong Kong and another saved from a river in eastern Australia were found to be closely related to the Junge specimen and the East China Sea whales. Bryde's whale (most had auxiliary ridges) of small size – estimated at 10.1 to 11.6 m (33 to 38 ft) in length – sighted off the northeastern side of the Solomon Islands during a survey in late November and early December 1993 may be referable to B. edeni. Four of the whales, estimated at 11.3 to 11.6 m (37 to 38 ft) in length, were accompanied by calves that ranged from 6.0 to 6.7 m (19.7 to 22.0 ft) in length.^[37] It is unknown whether eight small individuals – reaching only 11.2 to 11.7 m (37 to 38 ft) at maturity – caught off western and eastern Australia between 1958 and 1963 are specimens of B. edeni or B. omurai.^[1]^[20]^[38] Along Chinese coasts, for example, whales were once thought to be abundant along southern coasts from Fujian and Guangdong Provinces to Hainan Island and the north eastern tip of the Gulf of Tonkin^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43] such as off Tieshangang District^[44] and around Weizhou and Xieyang Islands.^[45]^[46] For further information for whales in Chinese waters, see Wildlife of China. B. edeni is also considered to be the most common baleen whales in Vietnamese waters.^[47] Resident local groups have been found rather cosmopolitan among southeast to east Asian waters such as at Gulf of Thailand, Sundarbans National Park, Thandwe and Mergui Archipelago,^[48] Kasasa, Kagoshima and Koshikijima Islands, Gulf of Tosa. In Bohol Sea and nearby Sulu Sea,^[49] the first documented reappearance was in 2010^[50]^[51] although there have been previous sightings in the region such as off Pamilacan Island in 2004.^[52] Nationally endangered, resident population occur on east coasts of North Island, New Zealand including Bay of Islands, Hauraki Gulf, and Bay of Plenty.

Population

The population may include up to 90,000–100,000 animals worldwide, with two-thirds inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere.

For management purposes, the U.S. population is divided into three groups: the Eastern Tropical Pacific stock (11,000–13,000 animals) and the Hawaiian stock (350–500). As of 2016, the Bryde's whale is considered to be critically endangered in New Zealand as there are approximately 200 left in the wild.^[53]

Prior to 2006, only two confirmed sightings of Bryde's whale had been reported in the eastern North Pacific north of Baja California—one in January 1963, only a kilometer off La Jolla (originally misidentified as a fin whale), and another in October 1991 west of Monterey Bay. Between August 2006 and September 2010, six sightings were made by scientists in the Southern California Bight. Five were west of San Clemente Island, and one between San Clemente Island and Santa Catalina Island. All but one involved single individuals.^[54] Another sighting was made off Dana Point, California, on 19 September 2009, which was originally misidentified as a fin whale.

More recently, a rare sighting of an adult Bryde's whale and its young calf was seen feeding off of the coast of Auckland, New Zealand by a team of researchers from the Auckland University of Technology.^[53]

In general, data are insufficient to determine population trends.

Conservation

Bryde's whale is listed as Data Deficient by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is also listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Appendix I, which prohibits international trade.

Bryde's whale is listed on Appendix II ^[55] of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It is listed on Appendix II ^[55] as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.

In addition, Bryde's whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region (Pacific Cetaceans MOU).^[56]

Whaling

Historically, this species was not significantly targeted by commercial whalers, but became more important in the 1970s as the industry depleted other targets. The Japanese hunt this species as part of their scientific whaling program. Artisanal whalers have taken them off the coasts of Indonesia and the Philippines.

Modern whaling for Bryde's whales is thought to have begun from coastal stations in Japan in 1906, where it continued uninterrupted until 1987—they were also caught offshore in the western North Pacific by both Japanese (1971–79) and Soviet (1966–79) fleets, as well as from Taiwan (1976–80), the Bonin Islands (1946–52 and 1981–87), and the Philippines (1983–85). In 1997, an estimated over 20,000 Bryde's whales had been caught in the western North Pacific between 1911 and 1987 (the Japanese were later found to have falsified their reported take from the Bonin Islands between 1981–87, reporting a catch of only 2,659 instead of the true take of 4,162). A population assessment done in the mid-1990s stated that the population in the western North Pacific may have declined by as much as 49% during 1911–96. Norwegian factory ships off Baja California took an additional 34 Bryde's whales between 1924–29;^[57] two were also caught off central California in 1966.^[58]

An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932–79. Over 2,000 were caught off Cape Province, South Africa, from 1911–67, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of the 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler Sierra in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off Brazil from 1948–77, but possibly only 8%.^[1]

Over 30,000 Bryde's whales were caught between 1911 and '87, including over 1,400 taken by the Soviets in the Southern Hemisphere from 1948–73 (only 19 were reported).^[59] The peak reported catches were reached in 1973–74 and 1974–75, when over 1,800 were taken each year. In 2000, the Japanese began implementing a scientific research programme involving an annual catch of 50 Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific. Nearly 500 have been caught since the program began (as of 2009).^[60]

Other threats

Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are also sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. Anthropogenic noise is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds.^[6]

These whales are protected off the USA by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.^[6]

A Bryde's whale washed ashore on the 28 January 2016 at Juhu beach in Mumbai, India. Such incidents are considered rare.^[61]^[62]

Gallery

Balaenoptera brydei on Wikimedia Commons

References

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^ "鲸鱼宝宝再次造访的涠洲岛海域！-新闻资讯-中国涠洲岛网". www.cnwzd.com.
^ 北海涠洲岛海域出现一条大鲸鱼到访。 Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Smithetal.1997b(35).pdf
^ Wongthong P.. True J.. Manopawitr P.. Suwanno W.(photo). 2015. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-36: Situation analysis of the Myeik Archipelago (pdf). The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project. Retrieved on March 02, 2017
^ Acebes V.M.J., 2009, A history of Whaling in Philippines, Historical Perspectives of Fisheries Exploitation in the Indo-Pacific, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University
^ http://www.marinemammalscience.org/smmtampa/Ponzo_Alessandro_12-10.pdf
^ "Rarely-seen whale spotted in Bohol".
^ Hellingman, Jeroen. "Bryde's Whale". Bohol.ph.
^ ^a ^b "Rare whale footage shot by drone thanks to AUT scientists". YouTube. Aukland University of Technology. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
^ Smultea, Mary A., Annie B. Douglas, Cathy E. Bacon, Thomas A. Jefferson, and Lori Mazzuca. (2012). Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera brydei/edeni) Sightings in the Southern California Bight. Aquatic Mammals 38(1):92-97.
^ ^a ^b "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.
^ "Pacific Cetaceans". Pacific Cetaceans.
^ Tønnessen, Johan; Arne Odd Johnsen (1982). The History of Modern Whaling. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-03973-4.
^ Whaling in 1965–66 and summer 1966 (IWS). Luna.pos.to. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
^ Berzin, A. (2008). The Truth About Soviet Whaling (Marine Fisheries Review), p 57.
^ International Whaling Statistics.
^ "India: Large Bryde's whale washes up on Mumbai beach – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ "45-ft whale largest mammal to wash ashore in Mumbai". 23 May 2017.

Bibliography

Baker A.N.; Madon B. (2007). Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera cf. brydei Olsen 1913) in the Hauraki Gulf and Northeastern New Zealand waters. Science for Conservation 272. p. 23. Department of Conservation, New Zealand. Bryse's whales (Balaenoptera cf. brydei Olsen 1913) in the Hauraki Gulf and northeastern New Zealand waters. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, 2002, ISBN 0-375-41141-0.
Whales & Dolphins Guide to the Biology and Behaviour of Cetaceans, Maurizio Wurtz and Nadia Repetto. ISBN 1-84037-043-2.
Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, editors Perrin, Wursig and Thewissen, ISBN 0-12-551340-2.
Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Carwardine (1995, reprinted 2000), ISBN 978-0-7513-2781-6.
Named after a Norwegian diplomat, The Star, 16 December 2006.

External links

Voices in the Sea – Sounds of the Bryde's Whale
Bryde's Whale – American Cetacean Society
Drone footage of Bryde's whales feeding

[IUCN-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Template:IUCN

[2] "Bryde's Whales, Balaenoptera edeni". The MarineBio.org. Retrieved 3 February 2015.

[3] ttp://www.pmbc.go.th/web/webpmbc/public%20files/swpphuket/swpphuket43.pdf^{[permanent dead link]}

[4] Omura, Hidero. (1977). Review of the Occurrence of the Bryde's Whale in the Northwest Pacific. Reports of the International Whaling Commission (Special Issue 1):88-91.

[5] Olsen, 1913

[NOAA-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j "Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)". Retrieved December 2009. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[Anderson-7] Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two Cetacean Genera, Platanista and Orcaella. Quaritch London.

[Olsen-8] Olsen, Ørjan. (1913). On the External Characters and Biology of Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera brydei), a new Rorqual from the Coast of South Africa. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., pp.1073-1090.

[9] Junge, G.C.A. (1950). On a Specimen of the Rare Fin Whale, Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, stranded on Pulu Sugi near Singapore. Zool. Verhandl. 9:3-26.

[Best1977-10] Best, Peter B. (1977). Two Allopatric Forms of Bryde’s Whale off South Africa. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Special Issue 1:10-38.

[evans1987-11] Evans, Peter G. H. (1987). The Natural History of Whales and Dolphins. Facts on File.

[Omura1966-12] Omura, H. (1966). Bryde's whales in the Northwest Pacific. In Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises (ed. K.S. Norris): 70-8. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

[Tamura2009-13] Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Isoda, T. and P. Okamoto. (2009). "Prey consumption and feeding habits of common minke, sei and Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific". NAMMCO/SC/16/MMFI/07

[nemoto-14] Nemoto, T.; A. Kawamura (1977). "Characteristics of food habits and distribution of baleen whales with special reference to the abundance of North Pacific sei and Bryde's whales". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Spec. Iss. 1: 80–87.

[rice77-15] Rice, D.W. (1977). "Synopsis of biological data on the sei whale and Bryde's whale in the eastern North Pacific". Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Spec. Iss. 1: 92–97.

[Reynolds1999-16] Reynolds, John Elliott, and Sentiel A. Rommel. (1999). Biology of Marine Mammals. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.

[木白2011-17] 西部北太平洋、特に南西部日本沿岸におけるニタリクジラの資源生態学的研究木白俊哉. 2011

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[Yamada2006-20] Yamada, T. K., L.-S. Chou, S. Chantrapornsyl, K. Adulyanukosol, S. K. Chakravarti, M. Oishi, S. Wada, C.-J. Yao, T. Kakuda, Y. Tajima, K. Arai, A. Umetani & N. Kurihara (2006). Middle sized balaenopterid whale specimens (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) preserved at several institutions in Taiwan, Thailand and India. Memoirs of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, 44:1–10.

[Yamada2008-21] Yamada, T. K., T. Kakuda & Y. Tajima (2008). Middle-sized balaenopterid whale specimens in the Philippines and Indonesia. Memoirs of the National Science Museum. Tokyo, 45:75–83.

[Goto2004-22] Goto, M., Kanda, N., & Pastene, L. A. (2004). Analysis of mtDNA sequences in Bryde's whales from the central western North Pacific and Baja California Peninsula. SC/56/PF15. Unpublished report to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission.

[23] ttp://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/2013/po2013_brydeswhale-hi.pdf

[24] "Bryde's whale". iNaturalist.org.

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[26] "Под Находкой выбросился на берег пятиметровый кит". www.pk25.ru.

[Masseti-27] Masseti, Marco. (2010). The mammals of the Farasan archipelago, Saudi Arabia. Turk. J. Zool. 34:359-365.

[cbd.int-28] ttps://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-gobi-submission9-en.pdf

[29] "PBS – The Voyage of the Odyssey – Track the Voyage – MALDIVES". www.pbs.org.

[30] ttp://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/246400.pdf.

[31] 茂木陽一. "ホルムズ海峡でGTフィッシング②".

[Steiner2007-32] Steiner, Lisa, et al. (2007). Bryde's Whales, Balaenoptera edeni, observed in the Azores: a new species record for the region. Mar Biod. Rec. 1:1-6.

[33] Lodi, Liliane; Tardin, Rodrigo H.; Hetzel, Bia; Maciel, Israel S.; Figueiredo, Luciana D.; Simão, Sheila M.; Lodi, Liliane; Tardin, Rodrigo H.; Hetzel, Bia; Maciel, Israel S.; Figueiredo, Luciana D.; Simão, Sheila M. (1 April 2015). "Bryde's whale (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) occurrence and movements in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil". Zoologia (Curitiba). 32 (2): 171–175. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702015000200009 – via SciELO.

[Luksenburg2012-34] Luksenburg, Jolanda A. and George Sangster. (2012). Molecular identification of the first Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei) for Aruba, southern Caribbean. The Cetaceans of Aruba: a Multidisciplinary Study 98.

[35] Hazevoet J.C.. Monteiro V.. López P.. Varo N.. Torda G.. Simon Berrow S.. Gravanita E.. 2010. Recent data on whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Cape Verde Islands, including records of four taxa new to the archipelago. Zoologia Caboverdiana 1 (2). pp.75-99. ISSN 2074-5737. Sociedade Caboverdiana de Zoologia

[36] Dolphin Academy Curacao. Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni). Retrieved on March 06, 2017

[ShimadaPastene1995-37] Shimada, H. and Pastene, L.A. (1995). Report of a Sightings Survey off the Solomon Islands with Comments on Bryde's Whale Distribution. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. 45: 413-418.

[Bijukumar2012-38] Bijukumar, A., S.S. Jijith, U.S. Kumar & S. George (2012). DNA barcoding of the Bryde's Whale Balaenoptera edeni Anderson (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) washed ashore along Kerala coast, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 4(3): 2436–2443.

[39] 中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会. [濒危物种数据库 - 鳀鲸 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. the CITES. Retrieved on November 24. 2014

[40] Wang Pei Lei (王丕烈). (1984). 中国近海鲸类的分布. 辽宁省海洋水产研究所 (Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute). 中国知网 (the CNKI.NET). Retrieved on November 24. 2014

[41] 2016. 北海附近海域惊现庞大鲸鱼，画面感萌翻啦！[视频+多图]

[42] 2006. 俺在北部湾新拍到的鲸～(图)^{[permanent dead link]}

[43] 2009. 北部湾(2)_须鲸!

[44] 2017. 刚刚铁山港附近海域，惊现多条鲸鱼。 Archived 6 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine

[45] "鲸鱼宝宝再次造访的涠洲岛海域！-新闻资讯-中国涠洲岛网". www.cnwzd.com.

[46] 北海涠洲岛海域出现一条大鲸鱼到访。 Archived 4 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine

[47] ttps://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Smithetal.1997b(35).pdf

[48] Wongthong P.. True J.. Manopawitr P.. Suwanno W.(photo). 2015. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-36: Situation analysis of the Myeik Archipelago (pdf). The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project. Retrieved on March 02, 2017

[49] Acebes V.M.J., 2009, A history of Whaling in Philippines, Historical Perspectives of Fisheries Exploitation in the Indo-Pacific, Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University

[50] ttp://www.marinemammalscience.org/smmtampa/Ponzo_Alessandro_12-10.pdf

[51] "Rarely-seen whale spotted in Bohol".

[52] Hellingman, Jeroen. "Bryde's Whale". Bohol.ph.

[AUT2016-53] "Rare whale footage shot by drone thanks to AUT scientists". YouTube. Aukland University of Technology. Retrieved 16 November 2016.

[Smultea2012-54] Smultea, Mary A., Annie B. Douglas, Cathy E. Bacon, Thomas A. Jefferson, and Lori Mazzuca. (2012). Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera brydei/edeni) Sightings in the Southern California Bight. Aquatic Mammals 38(1):92-97.

[Appendices-55] "Appendix II Archived 11 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.

[56] "Pacific Cetaceans". Pacific Cetaceans.

[57] Tønnessen, Johan; Arne Odd Johnsen (1982). The History of Modern Whaling. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-03973-4.

[58] Whaling in 1965–66 and summer 1966 (IWS). Luna.pos.to. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.

[59] Berzin, A. (2008). The Truth About Soviet Whaling (Marine Fisheries Review), p 57.

[60] International Whaling Statistics.

[61] "India: Large Bryde's whale washes up on Mumbai beach – BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 29 January 2016.

[62] "45-ft whale largest mammal to wash ashore in Mumbai". 23 May 2017.

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@@ Line 6: / Line 6: @@
 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN
 | id = 2476 | taxon = Balaenoptera_brydei | assessor = Reilly, S.B. | assessor2 = Bannister, J.L. | assessor3 = Best, P.B. | assessor4 = Brown, M. | assessor5 = Brownell Jr., R.L. | assessor6 = Butterworth, D.S. | assessor7 = Clapham, P.J. | assessor8 = Cooke, J. | assessor9 = Donovan, G.P. | assessor10 = Urbán, J. | display-assessors = etal | assessment_year = 2008 | version = 2011.1 | accessdate = 5 August 2011}}</ref>
-| image = Balaenoptera_brydei.jpg
+| image = Balaenoptera brydei.jpg
 | image2 = Bryde's whale size.svg
 | image2_caption = Size compared to an average human
@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 | familia = [[Balaenoptiidae]]
 | genus = ''[[Balaenoptera]]''
-| species = '''''B. brydei'''''<br/>'''''B. edeni'''''
+| species = '''''B. brydei'''''<br />'''''B. edeni'''''
 | binomial = ''Balaenoptera brydei''
 | binomial_authority = Olsen, 1913
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ''B. brydei'' gets its specific and common name from [[Johan Bryde]], [[Norway|Norwegian]] consul to [[South Africa]] who helped establish the first modern [[whaling]] station in the country, while ''B. edeni'' gets its specific and common name from Sir [[Ashley Eden]], former High Commissioner of Burma ([[Myanmar]]). [[Sittang]] whale refers to the type locality of the species. In Thailand, locals distinguished Sittang whales different from ''B.edeni'',<ref>http://www.pmbc.go.th/web/webpmbc/public%20files/swpphuket/swpphuket43.pdf{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and it is unclear whether Sittang whales were applied for later classified [[Omura's whale]]s by locals.
-==Etymology==
+== Etymology ==
 In Japan, early whalers called it {{nihongo|"[[anchovy]]"|鰯|iwashi}} or {{nihongo|"[[skipjack tuna|skipjack]] whale"|鰹鯨|katsuo-kujira}}. It preys on the anchovy and it was commonly associated with the skipjack. As modern whaling shifted to the [[Sanriku]] area, whalemen confused it for the [[sei whale]]; now {{nihongo||鰯鯨|iwashi-kujira|"anchovy whale"}} only applies to the latter. Incidentally, anchovies are dominant prey for both species off Japan. They are now called {{nihongo||似鯨|nitari-kujira|"look-alike whale"}}, for their resemblance to the sei whale.<ref>Omura, Hidero. (1977). Review of the Occurrence of the Bryde's Whale in the Northwest Pacific. ''Reports of the International Whaling Commission'' (Special Issue 1):88-91.</ref>
-==Taxonomy==
+== Taxonomy ==
 [[File:Baleen Plate of Bryde's Whale.JPG|thumb|Baleen plate of Bryde's whale]]
-The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are [[Balaenoptera brydei|Bryde's whale ''B. brydei'']] and the Sittang or Eden's whale ''B. edeni'',<ref>Olsen, 1913</ref> that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species, the scientific name ''B. edeni'' is commonly used or they are simply referred to ''B.'' cf ''brydei/edeni''.<ref name=NOAA>
+The taxonomy is poorly characterised. The two genetically distinct, candidate species/subspecies/morphologies are [[Balaenoptera brydei|Bryde's whale ''B. brydei'']] and the Sittang or Eden's whale ''B. edeni'',<ref>Olsen, 1913</ref> that differentiate by geographic distribution, inshore/offshore preferences, and size. For both putative species, the scientific name ''B. edeni'' is commonly used or they are simply referred to ''B.'' cf ''brydei/edeni''.<ref name=NOAA>{{cite web
-{{cite web
 |url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/mammals/cetaceans/brydeswhale.htm
 |title=Bryde's Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)
@@ Line 40: / Line 39: @@
 }}</ref>
-In 1878, the Scottish zoologist [[John Anderson (zoologist)|John Anderson]], first curator of the [[Indian Museum]] in [[Calcutta]], described ''Balaenoptera edeni'', naming it after the former British High Commissioner in [[Burma]], Sir [[Ashley Eden]], who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent a Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the [[Sittaung River|Sittang]] and Beeling Rivers, on the [[Gulf of Martaban]], where he found a 37-ft whale, which had stranded there in June 1871 after swimming more than 20 miles up the creek — it was said to have "exhausted itself by its furious struggles" to get free and "roared like an elephant" before finally expiring. Despite terrible weather, he was able to secure almost the entire skull and nearly all its vertebrae, along with other bones. These were sent to Anderson, who described the specimen, which was physically mature, as a new species.<ref name=Anderson>Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two Cetacean Genera, ''Platanista'' and ''Orcaella''. ''Quaritch'' London.</ref> In 1913, the Norwegian scientist Ørjan Olsen, based on the examination of a dozen "sei whales" brought to the whaling stations at [[Durban]] and [[Saldanha Bay|Saldanha]], in South Africa, described ''Balaenoptera brydei'', naming it after the Norwegian consul to South Africa Johan Bryde.<ref name="Olsen">Olsen, Ørjan. (1913). On the External Characters and Biology of Bryde's Whale (''Balaenoptera brydei''), a new Rorqual from the Coast of South Africa. ''Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.'', pp.1073-1090.</ref> In 1950, the Dutch scientist G.C.A. Junge, after comparing specimens of ''B. edeni'' and ''B. brydei'' with a 39-ft, physically mature specimen that had stranded on Pulau Sugi, an island between [[Singapore]] and [[Sumatra]], in July 1936, synonymized the two species into ''B. edeni''.<ref name=Anderson/><ref>Junge, G.C.A. (1950). On a Specimen of the Rare Fin Whale, ''Balaenoptera edeni'' Anderson, stranded on Pulu Sugi near Singapore. ''Zool. Verhandl.'' 9:3-26.</ref>
+In 1878, the Scottish zoologist [[John Anderson (zoologist)|John Anderson]], first curator of the [[Indian Museum]] in [[Calcutta]], described ''Balaenoptera edeni'', naming it after the former British High Commissioner in [[Burma]], Sir [[Ashley Eden]], who helped obtain the type specimen. Eden's Deputy Commissioner, Major A.G. Duff, sent a Mr Duke, one of his assistants, to Thaybyoo Creek, between the [[Sittaung River|Sittang]] and Beeling Rivers, on the [[Gulf of Martaban]], where he found a 37-ft whale, which had stranded there in June 1871 after swimming more than 20 miles up the creek — it was said to have "exhausted itself by its furious struggles" to get free and "roared like an elephant" before finally expiring. Despite terrible weather, he was able to secure almost the entire skull and nearly all its vertebrae, along with other bones. These were sent to Anderson, who described the specimen, which was physically mature, as a new species.<ref name=Anderson>Anderson, J. (1878). Anatomical and Zoological Researches: Comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan in 1868 and 1875; and a Monograph of the Two Cetacean Genera, ''Platanista'' and ''Orcaella''. ''Quaritch'' London.</ref> In 1913, the Norwegian scientist Ørjan Olsen, based on the examination of a dozen "sei whales" brought to the whaling stations at [[Durban]] and [[Saldanha Bay|Saldanha]], in South Africa, described ''Balaenoptera brydei'', naming it after the Norwegian consul to South Africa Johan Bryde.<ref name="Olsen">Olsen, Ørjan. (1913). On the External Characters and Biology of Bryde's Whale (''Balaenoptera brydei''), a new Rorqual from the Coast of South Africa. ''Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.'', pp.1073-1090.</ref> In 1950, the Dutch scientist G.C.A. Junge, after comparing specimens of ''B. edeni'' and ''B. brydei'' with a 39-ft, physically mature specimen that had stranded on Pulau Sugi, an island between [[Singapore]] and [[Sumatra]], in July 1936, synonymized the two species into ''B. edeni''.<ref name=Anderson /><ref>Junge, G.C.A. (1950). On a Specimen of the Rare Fin Whale, ''Balaenoptera edeni'' Anderson, stranded on Pulu Sugi near Singapore. ''Zool. Verhandl.'' 9:3-26.</ref>
-==Description==
+== Description ==
-===Size===
+=== Size ===
 [[File:Balaenoptera edeni.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of Eden's whale]]
-Members of the Bryde's whale complex are moderately sized [[rorqual]]s, falling behind [[sei whale]]s, but being larger than Omura's whale and the relatively small [[minke whale]]s. The largest measured by Olsen (1913) was a {{convert|14.95|m|ft|abbr=on}} female caught off [[Durban]] in November 1912,<ref name="Olsen"/> while the longest of each sex measured by Best (1977) at the Donkergat whaling station in [[Saldanha Bay]], South Africa, were a {{convert|15.51|m|ft|abbr=on}} female caught in October 1962 and a {{convert|14.56|m|ft|abbr=on}} male caught in April 1963; both were the offshore form.<ref name= Best1977>Best, Peter B. (1977). Two Allopatric Forms of Bryde’s Whale off South Africa. ''Rep. Int. Whal. Commn.'' Special Issue 1:10-38.</ref> At physical maturity, the coastal form off South Africa averages {{convert|13.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} for males and {{convert|13.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} for females, while the South Africa offshore form averages {{convert|13.7|and|14.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The coastal form near Japan is slightly smaller, with adult males averaging {{convert|12.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} and adult females {{convert|13.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}. At sexual maturity, males average {{convert|11.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} near Japan. Sexual maturity is reached at 8–11 years for both sexes in the offshore form off South Africa. At birth, they are {{convert|3.95|–|4.15|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="evans1987">Evans, Peter G. H. (1987). ''The Natural History of Whales and Dolphins''. Facts on File.</ref> The body mass of Bryde's whales can range {{convert|12|–|25|metric ton|short ton}}.
+Members of the Bryde's whale complex are moderately sized [[rorqual]]s, falling behind [[sei whale]]s, but being larger than Omura's whale and the relatively small [[minke whale]]s. The largest measured by Olsen (1913) was a {{convert|14.95|m|ft|abbr=on}} female caught off [[Durban]] in November 1912,<ref name="Olsen" /> while the longest of each sex measured by Best (1977) at the Donkergat whaling station in [[Saldanha Bay]], South Africa, were a {{convert|15.51|m|ft|abbr=on}} female caught in October 1962 and a {{convert|14.56|m|ft|abbr=on}} male caught in April 1963; both were the offshore form.<ref name= Best1977>Best, Peter B. (1977). Two Allopatric Forms of Bryde’s Whale off South Africa. ''Rep. Int. Whal. Commn.'' Special Issue 1:10-38.</ref> At physical maturity, the coastal form off South Africa averages {{convert|13.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} for males and {{convert|13.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} for females, while the South Africa offshore form averages {{convert|13.7|and|14.4|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The coastal form near Japan is slightly smaller, with adult males averaging {{convert|12.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} and adult females {{convert|13.3|m|ft|abbr=on}}. At sexual maturity, males average {{convert|11.9|m|ft|abbr=on}} and females {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} near Japan. Sexual maturity is reached at 8–11 years for both sexes in the offshore form off South Africa. At birth, they are {{convert|3.95|–|4.15|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="evans1987">Evans, Peter G. H. (1987). ''The Natural History of Whales and Dolphins''. Facts on File.</ref> The body mass of Bryde's whales can range {{convert|12|–|25|metric ton|short ton}}.
-===External appearance===
+=== External appearance ===
-{{see also|Whale anatomy}}
+{{See also|Whale anatomy}}
 [[File:Brydeswhale sophiewebb-swfsc-star2006.jpg|thumb|left|''B. cf. brydei'', showing faint lateral ridges]]
 Bryde's whale is a [[baleen]] whale, more specifically a rorqual belonging to the same group as [[blue whales]] and [[humpback whales]]. It has twin blowholes with a low splashguard to the front. Like other rorquals, it has no teeth, but has two rows of baleen plates.
-Bryde's whales closely resemble their close relative the sei whale. They are remarkably elongated (even more so than [[fin whale]]s), with the greatest height of the body being one-seventh their total length – compared to 1/6.5 to 1/6.75 in fin whales and only 1/5.5 in sei whales. Bryde's are dark smoky grey dorsally and usually white ventrally, whereas sei whales are often a galvanized blue-grey dorsally and have a variably sized white patch on the throat, a posteriorly oriented white anchor-shaped marking between the pectoral fins, and are blue-grey beyond the anus – although Bryde's off South Africa can have a similar irregular white patch on the throat. Bryde's have a straight rostrum with three longitudinal ridges that extend from the blowholes, where the auxiliary ridges begin as depressions, to the tip of the rostrum. The sei whale, like other rorquals, has a single median ridge, as well as a slightly arched rostrum, which is accentuated at the tip. Bryde's usually have dark grey lower jaws, whereas sei whales are lighter grey. Bryde's have 250–370 pairs of short, slate grey baleen plates with long, coarse, lighter grey or white bristles that are {{convert|40|cm|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} wide, while sei whales have longer, black or dark grey baleen plates with short, curling, wool-like bristles.<ref name="Olsen"/>
+Bryde's whales closely resemble their close relative the sei whale. They are remarkably elongated (even more so than [[fin whale]]s), with the greatest height of the body being one-seventh their total length – compared to 1/6.5 to 1/6.75 in fin whales and only 1/5.5 in sei whales. Bryde's are dark smoky grey dorsally and usually white ventrally, whereas sei whales are often a galvanized blue-grey dorsally and have a variably sized white patch on the throat, a posteriorly oriented white anchor-shaped marking between the pectoral fins, and are blue-grey beyond the anus – although Bryde's off South Africa can have a similar irregular white patch on the throat. Bryde's have a straight rostrum with three longitudinal ridges that extend from the blowholes, where the auxiliary ridges begin as depressions, to the tip of the rostrum. The sei whale, like other rorquals, has a single median ridge, as well as a slightly arched rostrum, which is accentuated at the tip. Bryde's usually have dark grey lower jaws, whereas sei whales are lighter grey. Bryde's have 250–370 pairs of short, slate grey baleen plates with long, coarse, lighter grey or white bristles that are {{convert|40|cm|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|20|cm|abbr=on}} wide, while sei whales have longer, black or dark grey baleen plates with short, curling, wool-like bristles.<ref name="Olsen" />
 The 40 to 70 ventral pleats extend to or past the umbilicus, occupying about 58% and 57% of the total length, respectively; sei whales, though, have ventral pleats that extend only halfway between the pectoral fins and umbilicus, occupying only 45-47% of the total body length, whereas their umbilicus is usually 52% of the total body length. Both species are often covered with white or pink oval scars caused by bites from cookie-cutter sharks.<ref name=Omura1966>Omura, H. (1966). Bryde's whales in the Northwest Pacific. In ''Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises'' (ed. K.S. Norris): 70-8. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.</ref>
-Bryde's whales have an upright, falcate dorsal fin that is up to {{convert|46.25|cm|in|abbr=on}} in height, averages {{convert|34.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and is usually between {{convert|30|and|37.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Best1977/> It is often frayed or ragged along its rear margin and located about two-thirds of the way along the back. The broad, centrally notched tail flukes rarely break the surface. The flippers are small and slender.<ref name=NOAA/>
+Bryde's whales have an upright, falcate dorsal fin that is up to {{convert|46.25|cm|in|abbr=on}} in height, averages {{convert|34.4|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and is usually between {{convert|30|and|37.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Best1977 /> It is often frayed or ragged along its rear margin and located about two-thirds of the way along the back. The broad, centrally notched tail flukes rarely break the surface. The flippers are small and slender.<ref name=NOAA />
-==Behaviour==
+== Behaviour ==
 [[File:Blas Brydewal - Valle Gran Rey.jpg|thumb|right|''B.'' cf.'' brydei'' off [[La Gomera]], showing its culumnar blow]]
 [[File:Omura'swhale.png|thumb|''B. cf. brydei'' breaches, showing gray upper half of lower jaw]]
-Their blow is columnar or bushy, about {{convert|10|-|13|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}} high. Sometimes, they blow or exhale while under water. Bryde's whales display seemingly erratic behaviour compared to other baleens, because they surface at irregular intervals and can change directions for unknown reasons.<ref name=NOAA/>
+Their blow is columnar or bushy, about {{convert|10|-|13|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}} high. Sometimes, they blow or exhale while under water. Bryde's whales display seemingly erratic behaviour compared to other baleens, because they surface at irregular intervals and can change directions for unknown reasons.<ref name=NOAA />
-They usually appear individually or in pairs, and occasionally in loose aggregations up to 20 animals around feeding areas.<ref name=NOAA/> They are more active on water surface than sei whales, and this tendency becomes even stronger in coastal form.
+They usually appear individually or in pairs, and occasionally in loose aggregations up to 20 animals around feeding areas.<ref name=NOAA /> They are more active on water surface than sei whales, and this tendency becomes even stronger in coastal form.
-===Breathing===
+=== Breathing ===
-They regularly dive for about 5–15 minutes (maximum of 20 minutes) after four to seven blows. Bryde's whales are capable of reaching depths down to {{convert|1000|ft|abbr=on}}. When submerging, these whales do not display their flukes. Bryde's whales commonly swim at {{convert|1|-|4|mph|disp=flip|abbr=on}}, but can reach {{convert|12|-|15|mph|disp=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name=NOAA/> They sometimes generate short (0.4&nbsp;seconds) powerful, low frequency vocalizations that resemble a human moan.<ref name=NOAA/>
+They regularly dive for about 5–15 minutes (maximum of 20 minutes) after four to seven blows. Bryde's whales are capable of reaching depths down to {{convert|1000|ft|abbr=on}}. When submerging, these whales do not display their flukes. Bryde's whales commonly swim at {{convert|1|-|4|mph|disp=flip|abbr=on}}, but can reach {{convert|12|-|15|mph|disp=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name=NOAA /> They sometimes generate short (0.4&nbsp;seconds) powerful, low frequency vocalizations that resemble a human moan.<ref name=NOAA />
-===Diet===
+=== Diet ===
 Bryde's whales feed on a wide variety of fish, [[zooplankton|planktonic]] [[crustacea]]ns, and [[cephalopod]]s. In the western North Pacific, Bryde's whales caught by Japanese scientific whaling vessels (2000–2007) mainly fed on [[Japanese anchovy]] (''Engraulis japonicus'', 52%) and various species of [[krill|euphausiid]] (36%, including ''Euphausia similis'', ''E. gibboides'', ''Thysanoessa gregaria'', and ''Nematoscelis difficilis''), as well as [[oceanic lightfish]] (''Vinciguerria nimbaria'', nearly 3%), and [[mackerel]]s (''Scomber'' spp., less than 2%). The prey differed by location and season. In coastal areas, euphausiids dominated the diet, comprising 89 and 75% of the diet in May and June, respectively. Further offshore, Japanese anchovy was the dominant species, accounting for nearly 100% of the diet in late summer.<ref name=Tamura2009>Tamura, T., Konishi, K., Isoda, T. and P. Okamoto. (2009). "Prey consumption and feeding habits of common minke, sei and Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific". ''NAMMCO/SC/16/MMFI/07''</ref> Based on the stomach contents of Bryde's whales caught by Japanese pelagic whaling expeditions in the North Pacific in the 1970s, the majority where found to feed on euphausiids (nearly 89%), whereas only about 11% fed on fish.<ref name="nemoto">{{cite journal | author = Nemoto, T. |author2=A. Kawamura |year = 1977 |title = Characteristics of food habits and distribution of baleen whales with special reference to the abundance of North Pacific sei and Bryde's whales | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn |volume = Spec. Iss. 1 |pages =80–87}}</ref>
 [[File:Brydes whale.jpg|thumb|right|A ''B. brydei'' in [[False Bay]], South Africa, showing upright dorsal fin, which is often nicked or frayed on its trailing edge (shown here)]]
-Off South Africa, prey preferences differed between the inshore and offshore forms. The former mainly feed on [[Southern African anchovy|anchovies]] (''Engraulis capensis'', 83%), [[Atlantic horse mackerel|maasbankers]] (''Trachurus trachurus'', 36%), and [[South American pilchard|pilchards]] (''Sardinops ocellata'', 33%), with only one (or 3%) being found with [[Nyctiphanes|euphausiids]] (''Nyctiphanes capensis''). The latter, however, mainly feed on euphausiids (primarily ''Euphausia lucens'', but also ''E. recurva'', ''N. capensis'', and ''Thysanoessa gregaria''), as well as various deep-sea fish (including [[Mueller's pearlside]], ''Maurolicus muelleri'', and a species of ''[[Lestidium]]''). One was even found "full of baby squid" (later identified as ''[[Lycoteuthis]] diadema'').<ref name=Best1977/>
+Off South Africa, prey preferences differed between the inshore and offshore forms. The former mainly feed on [[Southern African anchovy|anchovies]] (''Engraulis capensis'', 83%), [[Atlantic horse mackerel|maasbankers]] (''Trachurus trachurus'', 36%), and [[South American pilchard|pilchards]] (''Sardinops ocellata'', 33%), with only one (or 3%) being found with [[Nyctiphanes|euphausiids]] (''Nyctiphanes capensis''). The latter, however, mainly feed on euphausiids (primarily ''Euphausia lucens'', but also ''E. recurva'', ''N. capensis'', and ''Thysanoessa gregaria''), as well as various deep-sea fish (including [[Mueller's pearlside]], ''Maurolicus muelleri'', and a species of ''[[Lestidium]]''). One was even found "full of baby squid" (later identified as ''[[Lycoteuthis]] diadema'').<ref name=Best1977 />
-In the [[Gulf of California]], they mainly feed on Pacific sardine (''Sardinops sagax'') and [[Opisthonema|thread herring]] (''Opisthonema libertate'') (about 88%), but also feed on euphausiids (mostly ''Nyctiphanes simplex'', 11%). They have also been observed feeding on [[Pleuroncodes planipes|pelagic red crabs]] (''Pleuroncodes planipes'') off southern [[Baja California]].<ref name="rice77">{{cite journal | author = Rice, D.W. | year = 1977 | title = Synopsis of biological data on the sei whale and Bryde's whale in the eastern North Pacific | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = Spec. Iss. 1 | pages = 92–97}}</ref> In the [[Coral Sea]], the South Pacific, and the [[Indian Ocean]], they appear to mainly feed on euphausiids, while off Brazil, they have been observed feeding on sardines. Individuals caught off Western Australia were found with [[Australian anchovy|anchovies]] (''E. australis'') in their stomachs (though these individuals may refer to Omura's whale).<ref name=Reynolds1999>Reynolds, John Elliott, and Sentiel A. Rommel. (1999). ''Biology of Marine Mammals''. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> Bryde's whales use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and [[Bubble net feeding|bubble nets]] especially within Gulf of Tosa.<ref name=NOAA/><ref name=木白2011>[https://oacis.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=926&item_no=1&attribute_id=20&file_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21.　西部北太平洋、特に南西部日本沿岸におけるニタリクジラの資源生態学的研究 木白 俊哉. 2011]</ref><ref>[http://www24.big.or.jp/~kyusoku/w_nitari.htm ニタリクジラ]</ref>
+In the [[Gulf of California]], they mainly feed on Pacific sardine (''Sardinops sagax'') and [[Opisthonema|thread herring]] (''Opisthonema libertate'') (about 88%), but also feed on euphausiids (mostly ''Nyctiphanes simplex'', 11%). They have also been observed feeding on [[Pleuroncodes planipes|pelagic red crabs]] (''Pleuroncodes planipes'') off southern [[Baja California]].<ref name="rice77">{{cite journal | author = Rice, D.W. | year = 1977 | title = Synopsis of biological data on the sei whale and Bryde's whale in the eastern North Pacific | journal = Rep. Int. Whal. Commn | volume = Spec. Iss. 1 | pages = 92–97}}</ref> In the [[Coral Sea]], the South Pacific, and the [[Indian Ocean]], they appear to mainly feed on euphausiids, while off Brazil, they have been observed feeding on sardines. Individuals caught off Western Australia were found with [[Australian anchovy|anchovies]] (''E. australis'') in their stomachs (though these individuals may refer to Omura's whale).<ref name=Reynolds1999>Reynolds, John Elliott, and Sentiel A. Rommel. (1999). ''Biology of Marine Mammals''. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref> Bryde's whales use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and [[Bubble net feeding|bubble nets]] especially within Gulf of Tosa.<ref name=NOAA /><ref name=木白2011>[https://oacis.repo.nii.ac.jp/index.php?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=926&item_no=1&attribute_id=20&file_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21.　西部北太平洋、特に南西部日本沿岸におけるニタリクジラの資源生態学的研究 木白 俊哉. 2011]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www24.big.or.jp/~kyusoku/w_nitari.htm|title=ニタリクジラ|website=www24.big.or.jp}}</ref>
-===Reproduction and nurturing===
+=== Reproduction and nurturing ===
 {{See also|Whale reproduction}}
-Bryde's whales breed in alternate years, apparently in any season, with an autumnal peak. Their gestation period is estimated at 12 months. Calves are about {{convert|11|-|13|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}} long at birth and weigh {{convert|1000|kg|abbr=on}}. They become sexually mature at 8–13 years of age, when females are {{convert|39|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}. The mother nurses for 6–12 months.<ref name=NOAA/>
+Bryde's whales breed in alternate years, apparently in any season, with an autumnal peak. Their gestation period is estimated at 12 months. Calves are about {{convert|11|-|13|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}} long at birth and weigh {{convert|1000|kg|abbr=on}}. They become sexually mature at 8–13 years of age, when females are {{convert|39|ft|disp=flip|abbr=on}}. The mother nurses for 6–12 months.<ref name=NOAA />
-==Distribution==
+== Distribution ==
-===''B. brydei''===
+=== ''B. brydei'' ===
 [[File:BrydesMadeira.jpg|thumb|''B. cf. brydei'' whale swimming off Madeira]]
 [[File:Bryde's Whale - Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, New Zealand.jpg|thumb|A Bryde's Whale in the [[Hauraki Gulf]] Marine Park.]]
-''B. brydei'' occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of {{convert|61|–|72|F|C|disp=flip}}. In the North Pacific, they occur as far north as [[Honshu]] to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in the United States. A resident population is found in the [[Gulf of California]] and they occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]],<ref>[https://blog.pacificwhale.org/2016/07/06/unusual-encounter-with-brydes-whale-in-ecuador/ Unusual Encounter with Bryde’s Whale in Ecuador]</ref> where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off [[Chile]] between [[35th parallel south|35°]] and [[37th parallel south|37°S]]. In the southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]]. Based on osteological features, a specimen from [[Taiwan]] was referred to ''B. brydei'', while several specimens from the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]] differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name="Yamada2006">Yamada, T. K., L.-S. Chou, S. Chantrapornsyl, K. Adulyanukosol, S. K. Chakravarti, M. Oishi, S. Wada, C.-J. Yao, T. Kakuda, Y. Tajima, K. Arai, A. Umetani & N. Kurihara (2006). Middle sized balaenopterid whale specimens (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) preserved at several institutions in Taiwan, Thailand and India. ''Memoirs of the National Science Museum'', Tokyo, 44:1–10.</ref><ref name=Yamada2008>Yamada, T. K., T. Kakuda & Y. Tajima (2008). Middle-sized balaenopterid whale specimens in the Philippines and Indonesia. ''Memoirs of the National Science Museum.'' Tokyo, 45:75–83.</ref> Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that Bryde's whales caught in the pelagic western North Pacific and [[Bonin Islands]] (resident population), as well as biopsy samples taken from whales off [[Hawaii]], the west coast of Baja California, and the southern Gulf of California, belonged to ''B. brydei''.<ref name=Goto2004>Goto, M., Kanda, N., & Pastene, L. A. (2004). Analysis of mtDNA sequences in Bryde's whales from the central western North Pacific and Baja California Peninsula. SC/56/PF15. ''Unpublished report to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission''.</ref> Resident or semi-resident groups also exist off Hawaiian<ref>http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/2013/po2013_brydeswhale-hi.pdf</ref> and [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]],<ref>http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125568</ref> and [[Northern Mariana Islands]].<ref>http://www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us/files/6313/8628/5792/Fulling_et_al_2011_Distribution_and_abundance_of_cetaceans_Guam_and_CNMI-MISTCS_Pacific_Science.pdf</ref> Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern [[Sea of Japan]] on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of the northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-m-long specimen at [[Nakhodka]] in 2011.<ref>[http://www.pk25.ru/news/nakhodka/01_06_11_pod_nahodkoyi_vibrosilsya_na_bereg_pyatim.html Под Находкой выбросился на берег пятиметровый кит]</ref>
+''B. brydei'' occurs in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans between the 40th parallels of latitude, preferring highly productive, tropical, subtropical, and warm, temperate waters of {{convert|61|–|72|F|C|disp=flip}}. In the North Pacific, they occur as far north as [[Honshu]] to the west and southern California in the east, with vagrants reported as far north as [[Washington (state)|Washington]] in the United States. A resident population is found in the [[Gulf of California]] and they occur throughout the eastern tropical Pacific, including [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.pacificwhale.org/2016/07/06/unusual-encounter-with-brydes-whale-in-ecuador/|title=Unusual Encounter with Bryde’s Whale in Ecuador|date=6 July 2016|publisher=}}</ref> where they are absent from July to September. They have also been reported in an upwelling area off [[Chile]] between [[35th parallel south|35°]] and [[37th parallel south|37°S]]. In the southwestern Pacific, they occur as far south as the [[North Island]] of [[New Zealand]]. Based on osteological features, a specimen from [[Taiwan]] was referred to ''B. brydei'', while several specimens from the [[Philippines]] and [[Indonesia]] differed slightly in skull morphology and were referred to the putative Indo-Pacific Bryde's whale.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name="Yamada2006">Yamada, T. K., L.-S. Chou, S. Chantrapornsyl, K. Adulyanukosol, S. K. Chakravarti, M. Oishi, S. Wada, C.-J. Yao, T. Kakuda, Y. Tajima, K. Arai, A. Umetani & N. Kurihara (2006). Middle sized balaenopterid whale specimens (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) preserved at several institutions in Taiwan, Thailand and India. ''Memoirs of the National Science Museum'', Tokyo, 44:1–10.</ref><ref name=Yamada2008>Yamada, T. K., T. Kakuda & Y. Tajima (2008). Middle-sized balaenopterid whale specimens in the Philippines and Indonesia. ''Memoirs of the National Science Museum.'' Tokyo, 45:75–83.</ref> Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that Bryde's whales caught in the pelagic western North Pacific and [[Bonin Islands]] (resident population), as well as biopsy samples taken from whales off [[Hawaii]], the west coast of Baja California, and the southern Gulf of California, belonged to ''B. brydei''.<ref name=Goto2004>Goto, M., Kanda, N., & Pastene, L. A. (2004). Analysis of mtDNA sequences in Bryde's whales from the central western North Pacific and Baja California Peninsula. SC/56/PF15. ''Unpublished report to the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission''.</ref> Resident or semi-resident groups also exist off Hawaiian<ref>http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/sars/2013/po2013_brydeswhale-hi.pdf</ref> and [[Northwestern Hawaiian Islands]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inaturalist.org/observations/125568|title=Bryde's whale|website=iNaturalist.org}}</ref> and [[Northern Mariana Islands]].<ref>http://www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us/files/6313/8628/5792/Fulling_et_al_2011_Distribution_and_abundance_of_cetaceans_Guam_and_CNMI-MISTCS_Pacific_Science.pdf</ref> Bryde's whales do not occur within central to northern [[Sea of Japan]] on regular basis or at least in large numbers. One of the northernmost records in modern times was of a beached, 5-m-long specimen at [[Nakhodka]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pk25.ru/news/nakhodka/01_06_11_pod_nahodkoyi_vibrosilsya_na_bereg_pyatim.html|title=Под Находкой выбросился на берег пятиметровый кит|website=www.pk25.ru}}</ref>
-''B. brydei'' occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about [[35th parallel south|35°S]]. Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to ''B. brydei'', as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the [[Maldives]]. Individuals sighted in the [[Red Sea]] may or may not be ''B. brydei''.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Masseti>Masseti, Marco. (2010). The mammals of the Farasan archipelago, Saudi Arabia. ''Turk. J. Zool.'' 34:359-365.</ref> Bryde's whales are considered to be more common in Red Sea than previously thought,<ref name="cbd.int">https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-gobi-submission9-en.pdf</ref> and possibly a local resident group exists within the sea.<ref name="cbd.int"/> Whales still migrate through coastal areas nearby such as in [[Gulf of Aden]],<ref>http://www.pbs.org/odyssey/odyssey/20040430_log_transcript.html</ref><ref>http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/246400.pdf.</ref> [[Gulf of Aquaba]],<ref name="cbd.int"/> and in the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>http://uminchumogi.blog111.fc2.com/blog-entry-227.html</ref>
+''B. brydei'' occurs throughout the Indian Ocean north of about [[35th parallel south|35°S]]. Those of the southern Indian Ocean appear to correspond to ''B. brydei'', as do the individuals illegally caught by the Soviets in the 1960s in the northwest Indian Ocean, as well as the [[Maldives]]. Individuals sighted in the [[Red Sea]] may or may not be ''B. brydei''.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name=Masseti>Masseti, Marco. (2010). The mammals of the Farasan archipelago, Saudi Arabia. ''Turk. J. Zool.'' 34:359-365.</ref> Bryde's whales are considered to be more common in Red Sea than previously thought,<ref name="cbd.int">https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-gobi-submission9-en.pdf</ref> and possibly a local resident group exists within the sea.<ref name="cbd.int" /> Whales still migrate through coastal areas nearby such as in [[Gulf of Aden]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/odyssey/odyssey/20040430_log_transcript.html|title=PBS – The Voyage of the Odyssey – Track the Voyage – MALDIVES|website=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/246400.pdf.</ref> [[Gulf of Aquaba]],<ref name="cbd.int" /> and in the [[Strait of Hormuz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uminchumogi.blog111.fc2.com/blog-entry-227.html|title=ホルムズ海峡でGTフィッシング②|first=|last=茂木陽一|publisher=}}</ref>
-In the North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as [[Cape Hatteras]]. They occur in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and throughout the wider [[Caribbean]] – two specimens from [[Aruba]] were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within ''B. brydei'' and to form a clade with a specimen from [[Madeira]] and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the [[Azores]] in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms,<ref name=Steiner2007/> but do not occur in the Mediterranean. They appear to occur off Brazil year-round, such as around [[Rio de Janeiro]] - [[Cape Frio]],<ref>[http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-46702015000200171 Bryde's whale (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) occurrence and movements in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil]</ref> [[Armação dos Búzios]]. Individuals of the inshore form off South Africa are also resident year-round, occurring mainly between Cape Recife and [[Saldanha Bay]], whereas the larger offshore form migrates to West African equatorial waters in the winter.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name=Steiner2007>Steiner, Lisa, et al. (2007). Bryde's Whales, ''Balaenoptera edeni'', observed in the Azores: a new species record for the region. ''Mar Biod. Rec.'' 1:1-6.</ref><ref name=Luksenburg2012>Luksenburg, Jolanda A. and George Sangster. (2012). Molecular identification of the first Bryde's whale (''Balaenoptera brydei'') for Aruba, southern Caribbean. ''The Cetaceans of Aruba: a Multidisciplinary Study'' 98.</ref> Regular occurrences have been noted around [[Cape Verde]] as well.<ref>Hazevoet J.C.. Monteiro V.. López P.. Varo N.. Torda G.. Simon Berrow S.. Gravanita E.. 2010. [http://www.scvz.org/zoolcv/vol1no2/Hazevoet%20et%20al.%20Cetacea%20CV.pdf. Recent data on whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Cape Verde Islands, including records of four taxa new to the archipelago]. Zoologia Caboverdiana 1 (2). pp.75-99. ISSN 2074-5737. Sociedade Caboverdiana de Zoologia</ref>
+In the North Atlantic, they have been recorded as far north as [[Cape Hatteras]]. They occur in the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and throughout the wider [[Caribbean]] – two specimens from [[Aruba]] were found through mtDNA analysis to be firmly placed within ''B. brydei'' and to form a clade with a specimen from [[Madeira]] and individuals of the offshore form of South Africa. They were first recorded in the [[Azores]] in 2004 and showing mixed traits of offshore and inshore forms,<ref name=Steiner2007 /> but do not occur in the Mediterranean. They appear to occur off Brazil year-round, such as around [[Rio de Janeiro]] – [[Cape Frio]],<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1984-46702015000200171&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|title=Bryde's whale (Cetartiodactyla: Balaenopteridae) occurrence and movements in coastal areas of southeastern Brazil|first1=Liliane|last1=Lodi|first2=Rodrigo H.|last2=Tardin|first3=Bia|last3=Hetzel|first4=Israel S.|last4=Maciel|first5=Luciana D.|last5=Figueiredo|first6=Sheila M.|last6=Simão|first7=Liliane|last7=Lodi|first8=Rodrigo H.|last8=Tardin|first9=Bia|last9=Hetzel|first10=Israel S.|last10=Maciel|first11=Luciana D.|last11=Figueiredo|first12=Sheila M.|last12=Simão|date=1 April 2015|publisher=|journal=Zoologia (Curitiba)|volume=32|issue=2|pages=171–175|via=SciELO|doi=10.1590/S1984-46702015000200009}}</ref> [[Armação dos Búzios]]. Individuals of the inshore form off South Africa are also resident year-round, occurring mainly between Cape Recife and [[Saldanha Bay]], whereas the larger offshore form migrates to West African equatorial waters in the winter.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name=Steiner2007>Steiner, Lisa, et al. (2007). Bryde's Whales, ''Balaenoptera edeni'', observed in the Azores: a new species record for the region. ''Mar Biod. Rec.'' 1:1-6.</ref><ref name=Luksenburg2012>Luksenburg, Jolanda A. and George Sangster. (2012). Molecular identification of the first Bryde's whale (''Balaenoptera brydei'') for Aruba, southern Caribbean. ''The Cetaceans of Aruba: a Multidisciplinary Study'' 98.</ref> Regular occurrences have been noted around [[Cape Verde]] as well.<ref>Hazevoet J.C.. Monteiro V.. López P.. Varo N.. Torda G.. Simon Berrow S.. Gravanita E.. 2010. [http://www.scvz.org/zoolcv/vol1no2/Hazevoet%20et%20al.%20Cetacea%20CV.pdf. Recent data on whales and dolphins (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Cape Verde Islands, including records of four taxa new to the archipelago]. Zoologia Caboverdiana 1 (2). pp.75-99. ISSN 2074-5737. Sociedade Caboverdiana de Zoologia</ref>
 There are unusually large aggressions of Bryde's whales inhabit between [[Curacao]] and [[Venezuela]].<ref>Dolphin Academy Curacao. [https://dolphin-academy.com/learn/other-whales/brydes-whale-balaenoptera-edeni Bryde’s Whale (Balaenoptera edeni)]. Retrieved on March 06, 2017</ref>
-===''B. edeni''===
+=== ''B. edeni'' ===
 [[File:Bryde´s whale.jpg|thumb|right|Underwater view of a ''B. brydei/edeni'' off [[Phi Phi Islands]], Thailand]]
 [[File:Bryde's whale (9547580674).jpg|thumb|Eden's whale feeding in Gulf of Thailand.]]
-The type specimen is from the [[Gulf of Martaban]] coast of Myanmar, while other referred specimens were found on the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast of Myanmar, [[Bangladesh]], India, [[Thailand]] to [[Vietnam]], [[Taiwan]] and continental [[China]]. A population found off southern and southwestern Japan in the [[East China Sea]] has also been referred to ''B. edeni''. A whale that stranded in [[Hong Kong]] and another saved from a river in eastern Australia were found to be closely related to the Junge specimen and the East China Sea whales. Bryde's whale (most had auxiliary ridges) of small size – estimated at {{convert|10.1|to|11.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length – sighted off the northeastern side of the [[Solomon Islands]] during a survey in late November and early December 1993 may be referable to ''B. edeni''. Four of the whales, estimated at {{convert|11.3|to|11.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, were accompanied by calves that ranged from {{convert|6.0|to|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=ShimadaPastene1995>Shimada, H. and Pastene, L.A. (1995). Report of a Sightings Survey off the Solomon Islands with Comments on Bryde's Whale Distribution. ''Rep. Int. Whal. Commn.'' 45: 413-418.</ref> It is unknown whether eight small individuals – reaching only {{convert|11.2|to|11.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} at maturity – caught off western and eastern Australia between 1958 and 1963 are specimens of ''B. edeni'' or ''B. omurai''.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name="Yamada2006"/><ref name=Bijukumar2012>Bijukumar, A., S.S. Jijith, U.S. Kumar & S. George (2012). DNA barcoding of the Bryde's Whale ''Balaenoptera edeni'' Anderson (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) washed ashore along Kerala coast, India. ''Journal of Threatened Taxa'' 4(3): 2436-2443.</ref> Along Chinese coasts, for example, whales were once thought to be abundant along southern coasts from [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] Provinces to [[Hainan Island]] and the north eastern tip of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]<ref>中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会. [濒危物种数据库 - 鳀鲸 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. the [[CITES]]. Retrieved on November 24. 2014</ref><ref>Wang Pei Lei (王丕烈). (1984). [http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1984-BIRD198406018.htm 中国近海鲸类的分布]. 辽宁省海洋水产研究所 (Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute). 中国知网 (the CNKI.NET). Retrieved on November 24. 2014</ref><ref>2016. [http://www.v4.cc/News-2382393.html 北海附近海域惊现庞大鲸鱼，画面感萌翻啦！[视频+多图]]</ref><ref>2006. [http://ido.3mt.com.cn/Article/200610/show523846c27p1.html 俺在北部湾新拍到的鲸～(图)]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>2009. [http://www.ubikeu.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=5697&extra=page%3D1 北部湾(2)_须鲸! ]</ref> such as off [[Tieshangang District]]<ref>2017. [http://www.09dd.cn/doc/4219745 刚刚铁山港附近海域，惊现多条鲸鱼。] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033114/http://www.09dd.cn/doc/4219745 |date=6 March 2017 }}</ref> and around [[Weizhou Island|Weizhou]] and [[Xieyang Island]]s.<ref>[http://www.cnwzd.com/news_5715.html 鲸鱼宝宝再次造访的涠洲岛海域！]</ref><ref>[http://www.twoeggz.com/news/817354.html 北海涠洲岛海域出现一条大鲸鱼到访。] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205059/http://www.twoeggz.com/news/817354.html |date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> For further information for whales in Chinese waters, see ''[[Wildlife of China]]''. ''B. edeni'' is also considered to be the most common baleen whales in Vietnamese waters.<ref>https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Smithetal.1997b(35).pdf</ref> Resident local groups have been found rather cosmopolitan among southeast to east Asian waters such as at [[Gulf of Thailand]], [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[Thandwe]] and [[Mergui Archipelago]],<ref>Wongthong P.. True J.. Manopawitr P.. Suwanno W.(photo). 2015. [http://www.boblme.org/documentRepository/BOBLME-2015-Ecology-36.pdf. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-36: Situation analysis of the Myeik Archipelago] (pdf). The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project. Retrieved on March 02, 2017</ref> [[Kasasa, Kagoshima]] and [[Koshikijima Islands]], Gulf of Tosa. In [[Bohol Sea]] and nearby [[Sulu Sea]],<ref>Acebes V.M.J., 2009, [http://www.murdoch.edu.au/Research-capabilities/Asia-Research-Centre/_document/working-papers/wp161.pdf A history of Whaling in Philippines], Historical Perspectives of Fisheries Exploitation in the Indo-Pacific, Asia Research Centre, [[Murdoch University]]</ref> the first documented reappearance was in 2010<ref>http://www.marinemammalscience.org/smmtampa/Ponzo_Alessandro_12-10.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/221382/news/regions/rarely-seen-whale-spotted-in-bohol</ref> although there have been previous sightings in the region such as off [[Pamilacan Island]] in 2004.<ref>http://www.bohol.ph/picture394.html</ref> Nationally endangered, resident population occur on east coasts of North Island, New Zealand including [[Bay of Islands]], [[Hauraki Gulf]], and [[Bay of Plenty]].
+The type specimen is from the [[Gulf of Martaban]] coast of Myanmar, while other referred specimens were found on the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast of Myanmar, [[Bangladesh]], India, [[Thailand]] to [[Vietnam]], [[Taiwan]] and continental [[China]]. A population found off southern and southwestern Japan in the [[East China Sea]] has also been referred to ''B. edeni''. A whale that stranded in [[Hong Kong]] and another saved from a river in eastern Australia were found to be closely related to the Junge specimen and the East China Sea whales. Bryde's whale (most had auxiliary ridges) of small size – estimated at {{convert|10.1|to|11.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length – sighted off the northeastern side of the [[Solomon Islands]] during a survey in late November and early December 1993 may be referable to ''B. edeni''. Four of the whales, estimated at {{convert|11.3|to|11.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length, were accompanied by calves that ranged from {{convert|6.0|to|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length.<ref name=ShimadaPastene1995>Shimada, H. and Pastene, L.A. (1995). Report of a Sightings Survey off the Solomon Islands with Comments on Bryde's Whale Distribution. ''Rep. Int. Whal. Commn.'' 45: 413-418.</ref> It is unknown whether eight small individuals – reaching only {{convert|11.2|to|11.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} at maturity – caught off western and eastern Australia between 1958 and 1963 are specimens of ''B. edeni'' or ''B. omurai''.<ref name=IUCN /><ref name="Yamada2006" /><ref name=Bijukumar2012>Bijukumar, A., S.S. Jijith, U.S. Kumar & S. George (2012). DNA barcoding of the Bryde's Whale ''Balaenoptera edeni'' Anderson (Cetacea: Balaenopteridae) washed ashore along Kerala coast, India. ''Journal of Threatened Taxa'' 4(3): 2436–2443.</ref> Along Chinese coasts, for example, whales were once thought to be abundant along southern coasts from [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]] Provinces to [[Hainan Island]] and the north eastern tip of the [[Gulf of Tonkin]]<ref>中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会. [濒危物种数据库 - 鳀鲸 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879]. the [[CITES]]. Retrieved on November 24. 2014</ref><ref>Wang Pei Lei (王丕烈). (1984). [http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFD1984-BIRD198406018.htm 中国近海鲸类的分布]. 辽宁省海洋水产研究所 (Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute). 中国知网 (the CNKI.NET). Retrieved on November 24. 2014</ref><ref>2016. [http://www.v4.cc/News-2382393.html 北海附近海域惊现庞大鲸鱼，画面感萌翻啦！[视频+多图]]</ref><ref>2006. [http://ido.3mt.com.cn/Article/200610/show523846c27p1.html 俺在北部湾新拍到的鲸～(图)]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>2009. [http://www.ubikeu.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=5697&extra=page%3D1 北部湾(2)_须鲸!]</ref> such as off [[Tieshangang District]]<ref>2017. [http://www.09dd.cn/doc/4219745 刚刚铁山港附近海域，惊现多条鲸鱼。] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306033114/http://www.09dd.cn/doc/4219745 |date=6 March 2017 }}</ref> and around [[Weizhou Island|Weizhou]] and [[Xieyang Island]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnwzd.com/news_5715.html|title=鲸鱼宝宝再次造访的涠洲岛海域！-新闻资讯-中国涠洲岛网|website=www.cnwzd.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.twoeggz.com/news/817354.html 北海涠洲岛海域出现一条大鲸鱼到访。] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104205059/http://www.twoeggz.com/news/817354.html |date=4 November 2016 }}</ref> For further information for whales in Chinese waters, see ''[[Wildlife of China]]''. ''B. edeni'' is also considered to be the most common baleen whales in Vietnamese waters.<ref>https://swfsc.noaa.gov/uploadedFiles/Divisions/PRD/Publications/Smithetal.1997b(35).pdf</ref> Resident local groups have been found rather cosmopolitan among southeast to east Asian waters such as at [[Gulf of Thailand]], [[Sundarbans National Park]], [[Thandwe]] and [[Mergui Archipelago]],<ref>Wongthong P.. True J.. Manopawitr P.. Suwanno W.(photo). 2015. [http://www.boblme.org/documentRepository/BOBLME-2015-Ecology-36.pdf. BOBLME-2015-Ecology-36: Situation analysis of the Myeik Archipelago] (pdf). The Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem Project. Retrieved on March 02, 2017</ref> [[Kasasa, Kagoshima]] and [[Koshikijima Islands]], Gulf of Tosa. In [[Bohol Sea]] and nearby [[Sulu Sea]],<ref>Acebes V.M.J., 2009, [http://www.murdoch.edu.au/Research-capabilities/Asia-Research-Centre/_document/working-papers/wp161.pdf A history of Whaling in Philippines], Historical Perspectives of Fisheries Exploitation in the Indo-Pacific, Asia Research Centre, [[Murdoch University]]</ref> the first documented reappearance was in 2010<ref>http://www.marinemammalscience.org/smmtampa/Ponzo_Alessandro_12-10.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/221382/news/regions/rarely-seen-whale-spotted-in-bohol|title=Rarely-seen whale spotted in Bohol|publisher=}}</ref> although there have been previous sightings in the region such as off [[Pamilacan Island]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bohol.ph/picture394.html|title=Bryde's Whale|first=Jeroen|last=Hellingman|website=Bohol.ph}}</ref> Nationally endangered, resident population occur on east coasts of North Island, New Zealand including [[Bay of Islands]], [[Hauraki Gulf]], and [[Bay of Plenty]].
-==Population==
+== Population ==
 [[File:Baleia de Bryde.jpg|thumb|Bryde's whale [[Cetacean surfacing behaviour|breaching]] in Castelhanos Bay, [[Ilhabela]] in [[Sao Paulo]]]]
 [[File:ปลาวาฬบรูด้า.jpg|thumb|Bryde's whale in the [[Gulf of Thailand]]]]
@@ Line 113: / Line 112: @@
 In general, data are insufficient to determine population trends.
-==Conservation==
+== Conservation ==
 Bryde's whale is listed as Data Deficient by the [[International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]]. It is also listed in Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ([[CITES]]) Appendix I, which prohibits international trade.
 Bryde's whale is listed on Appendix II <ref name="Appendices">"[http://www.cms.int/documents/appendix/Appendices_COP9_E.pdf Appendix II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611112003/http://www.cms.int/documents/appendix/Appendices_COP9_E.pdf |date=11 June 2011 }}" of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS). As amended by the Conference of the Parties in 1985, 1988, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. Effective: 5 March 2009.</ref> of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. It is listed on Appendix II <ref name="Appendices" /> as it has an unfavourable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organised by tailored agreements.
-In addition, Bryde's whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region ([[Pacific Islands Cetaceans Memorandum of Understanding|Pacific Cetaceans MOU]]).<ref>[http://www.pacificcetaceans.org/ Official webpage of the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region]</ref>
+In addition, Bryde's whale is covered by the Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Islands Region ([[Pacific Islands Cetaceans Memorandum of Understanding|Pacific Cetaceans MOU]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pacificcetaceans.org/|title=Pacific Cetaceans|website=Pacific Cetaceans}}</ref>
-===Whaling===
+=== Whaling ===
 Historically, this species was not significantly targeted by commercial whalers, but became more important in the 1970s as the industry depleted other targets. The Japanese hunt this species as part of their scientific whaling program. Artisanal whalers have taken them off the coasts of [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]].
 Modern whaling for Bryde's whales is thought to have begun from coastal stations in Japan in 1906, where it continued uninterrupted until 1987—they were also caught offshore in the western North Pacific by both Japanese (1971–79) and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (1966–79) fleets, as well as from [[Taiwan]] (1976–80), the [[Bonin Islands]] (1946–52 and 1981–87), and the [[Philippines]] (1983–85). In 1997, an estimated over 20,000 Bryde's whales had been caught in the western North Pacific between 1911 and 1987 (the Japanese were later found to have falsified their reported take from the Bonin Islands between 1981–87, reporting a catch of only 2,659 instead of the true take of 4,162). A population assessment done in the mid-1990s stated that the population in the western North Pacific may have declined by as much as 49% during 1911–96. Norwegian factory ships off Baja California took an additional 34 Bryde's whales between 1924–29;<ref>{{cite book |last=Tønnessen |first=Johan |author2=Arne Odd Johnsen |author2-link=Arne Odd Johnsen  |title=The History of Modern Whaling |year=1982 |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley |isbn=0-520-03973-4 }}</ref> two were also caught off central California in 1966.<ref>[http://luna.pos.to/whale/sta_1966.html Whaling in 1965–66 and summer 1966 (IWS)]. Luna.pos.to. Retrieved on 2011-09-15.</ref>
-An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932–79. Over 2,000 were caught off [[Cape Province|Cape Province, South Africa]], from 1911–67, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of the 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler ''Sierra'' in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off [[Brazil]] from 1948–77, but possibly only 8%.<ref name=IUCN/>
+An estimated 5,542 Bryde's whales were caught off Peru between 1968 and 1983, including a reported catch of 3,589 between 1973 and 1983. An unknown number were also caught off Chile from 1932–79. Over 2,000 were caught off [[Cape Province]], South Africa, from 1911–67, most (1,300) during 1947–67. The majority of the 2,536 sei whales caught by the pirate whaler ''Sierra'' in the South Atlantic between 1969 and 1976 are believed to have been Bryde's whales. At least some Bryde's whales were among the 5,000 sei whales recorded in the catch off [[Brazil]] from 1948–77, but possibly only 8%.<ref name=IUCN />
 Over 30,000 Bryde's whales were caught between 1911 and '87, including over 1,400 taken by the Soviets in the Southern Hemisphere from 1948–73 (only 19 were reported).<ref>Berzin, A. (2008). ''The Truth About Soviet Whaling'' (Marine Fisheries Review), p 57.</ref> The peak reported catches were reached in 1973–74 and 1974–75, when over 1,800 were taken each year. In 2000, the Japanese began implementing a scientific research programme involving an annual catch of 50 Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific. Nearly 500 have been caught since the program began (as of 2009).<ref>[http://luna.pos.to/whale/sta.html International Whaling Statistics].</ref>
-===Other threats===
+=== Other threats ===
-Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are also sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. [[Human impact on the environment|Anthropogenic noise]] is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds.<ref name=NOAA/>
+Bryde's whales have not been reported as taken or injured in fishing operations. They are also sometimes killed or injured by ship strikes. [[Human impact on the environment|Anthropogenic noise]] is an increasing concern for all rorquals, which communicate by low-frequency sounds.<ref name=NOAA />
-These whales are protected off the USA by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.<ref name=NOAA/>
+These whales are protected off the USA by the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972.<ref name=NOAA />
-A Bryde's whale washed ashore on the 28 January 2016 at Juhu beach in Mumbai, India. Such incidents are considered rare.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India: Large Bryde's whale washes up on Mumbai beach - BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35436381|website = BBC News|access-date = 2016-01-29|language = en-GB}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/45-ft-whale-largest-mammal-to-wash-ashore-in-mumbai/story-eGvDxwW2iXCpFAfoUYB0TK.html]</ref>
+A Bryde's whale washed ashore on the 28 January 2016 at Juhu beach in Mumbai, India. Such incidents are considered rare.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India: Large Bryde's whale washes up on Mumbai beach – BBC News|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35436381|website = BBC News|access-date = 2016-01-29|language = en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/45-ft-whale-largest-mammal-to-wash-ashore-in-mumbai/story-eGvDxwW2iXCpFAfoUYB0TK.html|title=45-ft whale largest mammal to wash ashore in Mumbai|date=23 May 2017|publisher=}}</ref>
-==Gallery==
+== Gallery ==
 *''[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Balaenoptera_brydei Balaenoptera brydei]'' on Wikimedia Commons
@@ Line 144: / Line 143: @@
 *[[Marine biology]]
-==References==
+== References ==
 {{Reflist|35em}}
-==Bibliography==
+== Bibliography ==
 {{refbegin}}
 * Baker A.N.; Madon B. (2007). Bryde's whales (''Balaenoptera'' cf. ''brydei'' Olsen 1913) in the Hauraki Gulf and Northeastern New Zealand waters. ''Science for Conservation 272''. p.&nbsp;23. Department of Conservation, New Zealand. [http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/sfc272.pdf Bryse's whales (Balaenoptera cf. brydei Olsen 1913) in the Hauraki Gulf and northeastern New Zealand waters]. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-09-15.
@@ Line 157: / Line 156: @@
 {{refend}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
 {{Commons|Balaenoptera edeni}}
 {{Wikispecies|Balaenoptera edeni}}
-*[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/voicesinthesea_org/species/baleenWhales/brydes.html Voices in the Sea - Sounds of the Bryde's Whale]
+*[http://cetus.ucsd.edu/voicesinthesea_org/species/baleenWhales/brydes.html Voices in the Sea – Sounds of the Bryde's Whale]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927212353/http://www.acsonline.org/factpack/SeiBrydesWhales.htm Bryde's Whale] – American Cetacean Society
 *[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11651496 Drone footage of Bryde's whales feeding]
@@ Line 171: / Line 170: @@
 {{Taxonbar}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Bryde's Whale}}
 [[Category:Baleen whales]]
 [[Category:Cetaceans of the Indian Ocean]]