Salivary gland: Difference between revisions
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[[File:chronic sialadenitis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Micrograph]] of chronic inflammation of the salivary gland [[sialadenitis]]).]] |
[[File:chronic sialadenitis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Micrograph]] of chronic inflammation of the salivary gland [[sialadenitis]]).]] |
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{{main article|Salivary gland disease}} |
{{main article|Salivary gland disease}} |
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A [[sialogram]] is a [[radiocontrast]] study of a salivary duct that may be used to investigate its function. |
A [[sialogram]] is a [[radiocontrast]] study of a salivary duct that may be used to investigate its function. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rastogi|first=Rajul|last2=Bhargava|first2=Sumeet|last3=Mallarajapatna|first3=Govindarajan Janardan|last4=Singh|first4=Sudhir Kumar|date=2012|title=Pictorial essay: Salivary gland imaging|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698896/|journal=The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging|volume=22|issue=4|pages=325–333|doi=10.4103/0971-3026.111487|issn=0971-3026|pmc=PMC3698896|pmid=23833425}}</ref> |
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A [[Sialolithiasis |salivary calculus]] may cause blockage of the ducts, causing pain and swelling of the gland. This is called a Sialolithiasis and are most commonly found in the [[submandibular duct]]s. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rzymska-Grala|first=Iwona|last2=Stopa|first2=Zygmunt|last3=Grala|first3=Bartłomiej|last4=Gołębiowski|first4=Marek|last5=Wanyura|first5=Hubert|last6=Zuchowska|first6=Anna|last7=Sawicka|first7=Monika|last8=Zmorzyński|first8=Michał|date=2010|title=Salivary gland calculi – contemporary methods of imaging|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3389885/|journal=Polish Journal of Radiology|volume=75|issue=3|pages=25–37|issn=1733-134X|pmc=PMC3389885|pmid=22802788}}</ref> |
A [[Sialolithiasis |salivary calculus]] may cause blockage of the ducts, causing pain and swelling of the gland. This is called a Sialolithiasis and are most commonly found in the [[submandibular duct]]s. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rzymska-Grala|first=Iwona|last2=Stopa|first2=Zygmunt|last3=Grala|first3=Bartłomiej|last4=Gołębiowski|first4=Marek|last5=Wanyura|first5=Hubert|last6=Zuchowska|first6=Anna|last7=Sawicka|first7=Monika|last8=Zmorzyński|first8=Michał|date=2010|title=Salivary gland calculi – contemporary methods of imaging|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3389885/|journal=Polish Journal of Radiology|volume=75|issue=3|pages=25–37|issn=1733-134X|pmc=PMC3389885|pmid=22802788}}</ref> |
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Saliva production may be pharmacologically stimulated by [[sialagogue]]s such as [[pilocarpine]] and [[cevimeline]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Andy|last2=Joshi|first2=Revan Kumar|last3=Ekström|first3=Jörgen|last4=Aframian|first4=Doron|last5=Pedersen|first5=Anne Marie Lynge|last6=Proctor|first6=Gordon|last7=Narayana|first7=Nagamani|last8=Villa|first8=Alessandro|last9=Sia|first9=Ying Wai|date=2017-3|title=A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318321/|journal=Drugs in R&D|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9|issn=1174-5886|pmc=PMC5318321|pmid=27853957}}</ref> It can also be suppressed by so-called [[antisialagogue]]s such as [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s, [[SSRI]]s, [[antihypertensives]], and [[polypharmacy]].<ref name="VB">{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 299–300|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}</ref> [[Cancer]] treatments including [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiation therapy]] may impair salivary flow.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008934.pub2/abstract|title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|last=Furness|first=Susan|last2=Worthington|first2=Helen V|last3=Bryan|first3=Gemma|last4=Birchenough|first4=Sarah|last5=McMillan|first5=Roddy|date=2011-12-07|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|year=2011|isbn=14651858|location=|pages=|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd008934.pub2/full}}</ref> Radiation therapy may cause permanent hyposalivation due to injury to the oral mucosa containing the salivary glands, resulting in dry mouth or [[xerostomia]], whereas [[chemotherapy]] may cause only temporary salivary impairment. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012744/abstract|title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|last=Riley|first=Philip|last2=Glenny|first2=Anne-Marie|last3=Hua|first3=Fang|last4=Worthington|first4=Helen V|date=2017-07-31|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|year=2017|isbn=14651858|location=|pages=10|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd012744/epdf}}</ref> |
Saliva production may be pharmacologically stimulated by [[sialagogue]]s such as [[pilocarpine]] and [[cevimeline]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wolff|first=Andy|last2=Joshi|first2=Revan Kumar|last3=Ekström|first3=Jörgen|last4=Aframian|first4=Doron|last5=Pedersen|first5=Anne Marie Lynge|last6=Proctor|first6=Gordon|last7=Narayana|first7=Nagamani|last8=Villa|first8=Alessandro|last9=Sia|first9=Ying Wai|date=2017-3|title=A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5318321/|journal=Drugs in R&D|volume=17|issue=1|pages=1–28|doi=10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9|issn=1174-5886|pmc=PMC5318321|pmid=27853957}}</ref> It can also be suppressed by so-called [[antisialagogue]]s such as [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s, [[SSRI]]s, [[antihypertensives]], and [[polypharmacy]].<ref name="VB">{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 299–300|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}</ref> [[Cancer]] treatments including [[chemotherapy]] and [[radiation therapy]] may impair salivary flow.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008934.pub2/abstract|title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|last=Furness|first=Susan|last2=Worthington|first2=Helen V|last3=Bryan|first3=Gemma|last4=Birchenough|first4=Sarah|last5=McMillan|first5=Roddy|date=2011-12-07|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|year=2011|isbn=14651858|location=|pages=|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd008934.pub2/full}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Riley|first=Philip|last2=Glenny|first2=Anne-Marie|last3=Hua|first3=Fang|last4=Worthington|first4=Helen V.|date=31/07/2017|title=Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759701|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|pages=CD012744|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012744|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28759701|via=}}</ref> Radiation therapy may cause permanent hyposalivation due to injury to the oral mucosa containing the salivary glands, resulting in dry mouth or [[xerostomia]], whereas [[chemotherapy]] may cause only temporary salivary impairment. <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012744/abstract|title=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|last=Riley|first=Philip|last2=Glenny|first2=Anne-Marie|last3=Hua|first3=Fang|last4=Worthington|first4=Helen V|date=2017-07-31|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|year=2017|isbn=14651858|location=|pages=10|language=en|doi=10.1002/14651858.cd012744/epdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Riley|first=Philip|last2=Glenny|first2=Anne-Marie|last3=Hua|first3=Fang|last4=Worthington|first4=Helen V.|date=31/07/2017|title=Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759701|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|pages=CD012744|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012744|issn=1469-493X|pmid=28759701|via=}}</ref> |
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[[Graft versus host disease]] after [[allogeneic]] [[bone marrow transplantation]] may manifest as dry mouth and many small [[oral mucocele|mucocele]]s. |
[[Graft versus host disease]] after [[allogeneic]] [[bone marrow transplantation]] may manifest as dry mouth and many small [[oral mucocele|mucocele]]s. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ogawa|first=Yoko|last2=Okamoto|first2=Shinichiro|last3=Wakui|first3=Masatoshi|last4=Watanabe|first4=Reiko|last5=Yamada|first5=Masakazu|last6=Yoshino|first6=Mami|last7=Ono|first7=Masafumi|last8=Yang|first8=Hao-Yung|last9=Mashima|first9=Yukihiko|date=1999-10-01|title=Dry eye after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation|url=http://bjo.bmj.com/content/83/10/1125|journal=British Journal of Ophthalmology|language=en|volume=83|issue=10|pages=1125–1130|doi=10.1136/bjo.83.10.1125|issn=0007-1161|pmid=10502571}}</ref> |
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[[Salivary gland neoplasm|Tumours of the salivary gland]]s may occur, including [[mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nance|first=Melonie A.|last2=Seethala|first2=Raja R.|last3=Wang|first3=Yun|last4=Chiosea|first4=Simion I.|last5=Myers|first5=Eugene N.|last6=Johnson|first6=Jonas T.|last7=Lai|first7=Stephen Y.|date=2008-10-15|title=Treatment and Survival Outcomes Based on Histologic Grading in Patients With Head and Neck Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2746751/|journal=Cancer|volume=113|issue=8|pages=2082–2089|doi=10.1002/cncr.23825|issn=0008-543X|pmc=PMC2746751|pmid=18720358}}</ref> |
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[[Salivary gland neoplasm|Tumours of the salivary gland]]s may occur, including [[mucoepidermoid carcinoma]]. |
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== Other animals == |
== Other animals == |
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The salivary glands of some species however, are modified to produce proteins; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the [[venom]] glands of [[venomous snake]]s (colloquially called ''poisonous snakes''), [[Gila monster]]s, and some [[shrew]]s, are modified salivary glands.<ref name="VB"/> In other organisms such as [[insecta|insects]], salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like [[silk]] or glues, and [[fly]] salivary glands contain [[polytene chromosome]]s that have been useful in [[genetics|genetic]] research. |
The salivary glands of some species however, are modified to produce proteins; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the [[venom]] glands of [[venomous snake]]s (colloquially called ''poisonous snakes''), [[Gila monster]]s, and some [[shrew]]s, are modified salivary glands.<ref name="VB"/> In other organisms such as [[insecta|insects]], salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like [[silk]] or glues, and [[fly]] salivary glands contain [[polytene chromosome]]s that have been useful in [[genetics|genetic]] research. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sehnal|first=František|last2=Sutherland|first2=Tara|date=2008|title=Silks produced by insect labial glands|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658764/|journal=Prion|volume=2|issue=4|pages=145–153|issn=1933-6896|pmc=PMC2658764|pmid=19221523}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 11:24, 15 February 2018
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (May 2012) |
| Salivary gland | |
|---|---|
 Human salivary glands. | |
| Details | |
| System | Digestive system |
| Identifiers | |
| Latin | Glandulae salivariae |
| MeSH | D012469 |
| TA98 | A05.1.02.002 A05.1.02.013 |
| TA2 | 2798 |
| FMA | 9597 95971, 9597 |
| Anatomical terminology | |
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands, that produce saliva through a system of ducts. Saliva, which is composed of several components including amylase, is a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into maltose and glucose. In humans and some other mammals the secretion is alpha-amylase, also known as ptyalin.
Structure
The salivary glands are detailed below:
Parotid glands
The two parotid glands are major salivary glands wrapped around the mandibular ramus in humans. The largest of the salivary glands, they secrete saliva to facilitate mastication and swallowing, and amylase to begin the digestion of starches. It is the serous type of gland which secretes the ptyalin. It enters the oral cavity via the parotid duct (Stensen duct). The glands are located posterior to the mandibular ramus and anterior to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. They are clinically relevant in dissections of facial nerve branches while exposing the different lobes of it since any iatrogenic lesion will result in either loss of action or strength of muscles involved in facial expression. They produce 20% of the total salivary content in the oral cavity. Mumps is a viral infection, caused by infection in the parotid gland.
Submandibular glands
The submandibular glands (previously known as submaxillary glands) are a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the lower jaws, superior to the digastric muscles. The secretion produced is a mixture of both serous fluid and mucus, and enters the oral cavity via the submandibular duct or Wharton duct. Approximately 65-70% of saliva in the oral cavity is produced by the submandibular glands, even though they are much smaller than the parotid glands. This gland can usually be felt as it is in the superficial cervical region and feels like a rounded ball. It is located about two fingers above the Adam's apple (laryngeal prominence) and about two inches apart under the chin.
Sublingual glands
The sublingual glands are a pair of major salivary glands located inferior to the tongue, anterior to the submandibular glands. The secretion produced is mainly mucous in nature; however, it is categorized as a mixed gland. Unlike the other two major glands, the ductal system of the sublingual glands does not have intercalated ducts and usually does not have striated ducts either, so saliva exits directly from 8-20 excretory ducts known as the Rivinus ducts. Approximately 5% of saliva entering the oral cavity comes from these glands.
Minor salivary glands
There are 800 to 1,000 minor salivary glands located throughout the oral cavity within the submucosa[1] of the oral mucosa in the tissue of the buccal, labial, and lingual mucosa, the soft palate, the lateral parts of the hard palate, and the floor of the mouth or between muscle fibers of the tongue.[2] They are 1 to 2 mm in diameter and unlike the major glands, they are not encapsulated by connective tissue, only surrounded by it. The gland has usually a number of acini connected in a tiny lobule. A minor salivary gland may have a common excretory duct with another gland, or may have its own excretory duct. Their secretion is mainly mucous in nature and have many functions such as coating the oral cavity with saliva. Problems with dentures are sometimes associated with minor salivary glands if there is dry mouth present (see further discussion).[1] The minor salivary glands are innervated by the seventh cranial or facial nerve.[2]
Von Ebner's glands
Von Ebner's glands are glands found in a trough circling the circumvallate papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue near the terminal sulcus. They secrete a purely serous fluid that begins lipid hydrolysis. They also facilitate the perception of taste through secretion of digestive enzymes and proteins.[1] The arrangement of these glands around the circumvallate papillae provides a continuous flow of fluid over the great number of taste buds lining the sides of the papillae, and is important for dissolving the food particles to be tasted.
Nerve supply
Salivary glands are innervated, either directly or indirectly, by the parasympathetic and sympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic stimulation evokes a copious flow of saliva. In contrast, sympathetic stimulation produces either a small flow, which is rich in protein, or no flow at all.[3]
- Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is carried via cranial nerves. The parotid gland receives its parasympathetic input from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via the otic ganglion, while the submandibular and sublingual glands receive their parasympathetic input from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion. These nerves release acetylcholine and substance P, which activate the IP3 and DAG pathways respectively.
- Direct sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands takes place via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the superior cervical ganglion with postganglionic neurons that release norepinephrine, which is then received by β-adrenergic receptors on the acinar and ductal cells of the salivary glands, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and the corresponding increase of saliva secretion. Note that in this regard both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli result in an increase in salivary gland secretions.[4] The sympathetic nervous system also affects salivary gland secretions indirectly by innervating the blood vessels that supply the glands.
Microanatomy
The gland is internally divided into lobules. Blood vessels and nerves enter the glands at the hilum and gradually branch out into the lobules.
Acini
Secretory cells are found in a group, or acinus (plural, acini). Each acinus is located at the terminal part of the gland connected to the ductal system, with many acini within each lobule of the gland. Each acinus consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a lumen, a central opening where the saliva is deposited after being produced by the secretory cells. The three forms of acini are classified in terms of the type of epithelial cell present and the secretory product being produced: serous, mucoserous and mucous.[5]
Ducts
In the duct system, the lumina are formed by intercalated ducts, which in turn join to form striated ducts. These drain into ducts situated between the lobes of the gland (called interlobar ducts or secretory ducts). These are found on most major and minor glands (exception may be the sublingual gland).[5]
All of the human salivary glands terminate in the mouth, where the saliva proceeds to aid in digestion. The saliva that salivary glands release is quickly inactivated in the stomach by the acid that is present there but the saliva also contains enzymes that are actually activated by the acid.
Gene and protein expression
About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 60% of these genes are expressed in normal, adult salivary glands[6][7]. Less than 100 genes are more specifically expressed in the salivary gland. The salivary gland specific genes are mainly genes that encode for secreted proteins and compared to other organs in the human body, the salivary gland has the highest fraction of secreted genes. The heterogeneous family of proline-rich, human salivary glycoproteins, such as PRB1 and PRH1, are salivary gland specific proteins with highest level of expression. Examples of other specifically expressed proteins include the digestive amylase enzyme AMY1A, the mucin MUC7 and statherin, all of major importance for specific characteristics of saliva.
Development
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018) |
Aging
Aging of salivary glands show some structural changes:[8][9][10]
- Decrease in volume of acinar tissue
- Increase in fibrous tissue
- Increase in adipose tissue
- Ductal hyperplasia and dilation [8]
In addition to that, there would be some changes in salivary contents:
- Decrease in concentration of secretory IgA [8]
- Decrease in the amount of mucin
However, there is no overall change in the amount of saliva secreted.
Function
| This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2018) |
Salivary glands secrete saliva which has many benefits for the oral cavity and health in general. These benefits include:
- protection
- buffering
- pellicle formation
- maintenance of tooth integrity
- antimicrobial action
- tissue repair
- digestion
- taste[11]
Saliva contains a collection of proteins which act defensively. Some proteins such as salivary immunoglobulins and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPA, are involved in both innate and acquired immune activation.[12]
While present in low proportions, their effects are cumulative, resulting in a secure molecular defence network of the oral cavity. In certain areas of the oral cavity, such as mucosal surfaces, periodontal sulcus, and oral wounds and ulcers, the concentrations seem to be greater.[12]
Salivary proteins have 4 main defence mechanisms:
- microbial agglutination and/or surface exclusion. For example; peptides which bind to the bacteria and also bind to either oral mucosa or to each other.
- The second network may be expected to be responsible for lysis of microbial membranes. This network primarily targets bacteria, and are likely to include salivary cationic peptides and lysozyme.
- The third and fourth networks may be responsible for antifungal and antiviral properties of the saliva, including antifungal/antiviral properties respectively
- immune regulatory network of salivary proteins may also be expected[12]
Clinical significance
A sialogram is a radiocontrast study of a salivary duct that may be used to investigate its function. [13]
A salivary calculus may cause blockage of the ducts, causing pain and swelling of the gland. This is called a Sialolithiasis and are most commonly found in the submandibular ducts. [14]
Saliva production may be pharmacologically stimulated by sialagogues such as pilocarpine and cevimeline.[15] It can also be suppressed by so-called antisialagogues such as tricyclic antidepressants, SSRIs, antihypertensives, and polypharmacy.[16] Cancer treatments including chemotherapy and radiation therapy may impair salivary flow.[17][18] Radiation therapy may cause permanent hyposalivation due to injury to the oral mucosa containing the salivary glands, resulting in dry mouth or xerostomia, whereas chemotherapy may cause only temporary salivary impairment. [19][20]
Graft versus host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation may manifest as dry mouth and many small mucoceles. [21]
Tumours of the salivary glands may occur, including mucoepidermoid carcinoma. [22]
Other animals
The salivary glands of some species however, are modified to produce proteins; salivary amylase is found in many, but by no means all, bird and mammal species (including humans, as noted above). Furthermore, the venom glands of venomous snakes (colloquially called poisonous snakes), Gila monsters, and some shrews, are modified salivary glands.[16] In other organisms such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been useful in genetic research. [23]
See also
References
- ^ a b c Ten Cate's Oral Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 275-276
- ^ a b Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Fehrenbach and Herring, Elsevier, 2012, p. 157
- ^ "Autonomic control of salivary secretion". PubMed - NCBI.
- ^ Costanzo, L. (2009). Physiology, 3rd ed. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 1-4160-2320-8.
- ^ a b Illustrated Dental Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-Balogh and Fehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 132
- ^ "The human proteome in salivary gland - The Human Protein Atlas". www.proteinatlas.org. Retrieved 2017-09-22.
- ^ Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline; Sjöstedt, Evelina (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome". Science. 347 (6220): 1260419. doi:10.1126/science.1260419. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25613900.
- ^ a b c Vissink, A; Spijkervet, FK; Van Nieuw Amerongen, A. "Aging and saliva: a review of the literature". Spec Care Dentist. 16: 95–103. PMID 9084322.
- ^ Kim, SK; Allen, ED. "Structural and functional changes in salivary glands during aging". Microsc Res Tech. 28: 243–53. doi:10.1002/jemt.1070280308. PMID 8068986.
- ^ "Structural and functional changes in salivary glands during aging". Cochrane Review. 28: 243–253. doi:10.1002/jemt.1070280308.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Nanci, Antonio (2003). Ten Cate's Oral Histology (6th ed.). Mosby. pp. 300–301.
{{cite book}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c Fábián, Tibor Károly; Hermann, Péter; Beck, Anita; Fejérdy, Pál; Fábián, Gábor (2 April 2012). "Salivary Defense Proteins: Their Network and Role in Innate and Acquired Oral Immunity". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 13 (12): 4295–4320. doi:10.3390/ijms13044295.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) license.
- ^ Rastogi, Rajul; Bhargava, Sumeet; Mallarajapatna, Govindarajan Janardan; Singh, Sudhir Kumar (2012). "Pictorial essay: Salivary gland imaging". The Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging. 22 (4): 325–333. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.111487. ISSN 0971-3026. PMC 3698896. PMID 23833425.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Rzymska-Grala, Iwona; Stopa, Zygmunt; Grala, Bartłomiej; Gołębiowski, Marek; Wanyura, Hubert; Zuchowska, Anna; Sawicka, Monika; Zmorzyński, Michał (2010). "Salivary gland calculi – contemporary methods of imaging". Polish Journal of Radiology. 75 (3): 25–37. ISSN 1733-134X. PMC 3389885. PMID 22802788.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Wolff, Andy; Joshi, Revan Kumar; Ekström, Jörgen; Aframian, Doron; Pedersen, Anne Marie Lynge; Proctor, Gordon; Narayana, Nagamani; Villa, Alessandro; Sia, Ying Wai (2017-3). "A Guide to Medications Inducing Salivary Gland Dysfunction, Xerostomia, and Subjective Sialorrhea: A Systematic Review Sponsored by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine VI". Drugs in R&D. 17 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1007/s40268-016-0153-9. ISSN 1174-5886. PMC 5318321. PMID 27853957.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 299–300. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
- ^ Furness, Susan; Worthington, Helen V; Bryan, Gemma; Birchenough, Sarah; McMillan, Roddy (2011-12-07). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008934.pub2/full. ISBN 14651858.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Riley, Philip; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Hua, Fang; Worthington, Helen V. (31/07/2017). "Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD012744. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012744. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 28759701.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Riley, Philip; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Hua, Fang; Worthington, Helen V (2017-07-31). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 10. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012744/epdf. ISBN 14651858.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Riley, Philip; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Hua, Fang; Worthington, Helen V. (31/07/2017). "Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 7: CD012744. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012744. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 28759701.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Ogawa, Yoko; Okamoto, Shinichiro; Wakui, Masatoshi; Watanabe, Reiko; Yamada, Masakazu; Yoshino, Mami; Ono, Masafumi; Yang, Hao-Yung; Mashima, Yukihiko (1999-10-01). "Dry eye after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 83 (10): 1125–1130. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1125. ISSN 0007-1161. PMID 10502571.
- ^ Nance, Melonie A.; Seethala, Raja R.; Wang, Yun; Chiosea, Simion I.; Myers, Eugene N.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Lai, Stephen Y. (2008-10-15). "Treatment and Survival Outcomes Based on Histologic Grading in Patients With Head and Neck Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma". Cancer. 113 (8): 2082–2089. doi:10.1002/cncr.23825. ISSN 0008-543X. PMC 2746751. PMID 18720358.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Sehnal, František; Sutherland, Tara (2008). "Silks produced by insect labial glands". Prion. 2 (4): 145–153. ISSN 1933-6896. PMC 2658764. PMID 19221523.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
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